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Unraveling Deep Blue: The Chess Machine of Strategy and Logic

Explore the evolution of chess machines from Maezal Chess Automaton to Deep Blue's innovative algorithms and strategic capabilities. Discover the intricacies of minimax, lookahead searches, and evaluation mechanisms that challenge world champions. Witness the historic battle of wits between Kasparov and Deep Blue, where blunders shattered the undefeated champion's reign. Unveil the blend of human intellect and machine precision in the realm of chess mastery.

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Unraveling Deep Blue: The Chess Machine of Strategy and Logic

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  1. Deep Blue

  2. background • chess: “the touchstone of the intellect” • machine would model thinking, some say • chess problem “sharply defined” • First chess-playing machine: 1760’s Maezal Chess Automaton

  3. minimax algoritm • generate all possible moves by player and opponent a number of steps ahead • outcomes generally reside in outermost leaves of trees • depth of search -> program rating

  4. limits • initially tried to emulate humans • human skills: pattern recognition and associative memory • engineering approach, relies on computer’s strengths

  5. Tuning Mechanisms • hill climbing perform a lookahead search then adjusts the parameter • best fit function of machine’s evaluation of positions and the true values

  6. logistics • 6 move lookahead: 38^12 = 9 billion billion moves • each move lookahead worth about 400 rating points (world champions around 2,900)

  7. Deep Blue features • Hsu’s single chip move generator • Anantharaman’s singular extension algorithm

  8. Hsu’s “chess machines” • evaluates 2 million positions per second • 256 teamed together: 100 million positions per second • 70% of chip devoted to evaluating positions

  9. position evaluation • separate value for pieces on different squares • stored endgame positions • position features from grandmasters

  10. alpha-beta search • eliminates bad moves from further consideration • move ‘refuted’ if opponent can force a worst outcome than the previous estimation

  11. singular extensions • horizon problem • looks 30 or 60 moves in certain situations, checks or piece exchanges • fewer choices, deeper search

  12. Kasparov 2.5 Deep Blue 3.5 • May 3 – 11, 1997 • blunder costs previously undefeated World Champion

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