Imperialism

1. Imperialism What might the snake represent? Why would it have a human head? Who is it coiling around? What does it mean?

2. Gangs • Think of at least three reasons why some gangs may try to expand through increase in membership or broadening their area of influence • Discuss, quietly, with your neighbor • Is this morally right or wrong to do?

3. Imperialism: The policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.

4. Imperialism--Defined 1) Takeover of a country by a stronger nation looking to dominate political, economic, or social life of the people 2) Strong influence by one country over another for purposes of gaining greater political, economic, or social power over another

5. Why Imperialism… A coaling station for steamships, Cape Town, South Africa

6. Reasons for Imperialsim Empire • E- Economic • M- Money • P- Political • I- Ideological • R- Religious • E- Exploratory

7. Economic/Money • Making money • Controlling trade • New markets • Raw materials • Cheap labor

8. Political • Nationalism and militarism • Nation’s desire to gain power • Expand territory • Boost national pride • idea that the people of each nation possessed a unique character that should not only be celebrated within that nation, but recognized and respected by other nations as well became popular • Distract own population • Many revolutions in 1848 • Use its new weapons

9. Nationalism Italian nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi (on horseback) leading an attack in Palermo, Sicily

10. Ideological • Promote “superior values” • “Civilize” primitive people -a belief in the superiority of the white race produced the idea that whites had a responsibility to civilize non-whites -Social Darwinism principle of natural selection explained the need for stronger countries to dominate weaker ones. Handwritten cover of Origin of the Species by C. Darwin

11. Take up the White Man’s burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden— In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit And work another's gain. “The White Man’s Burden” By Rudyard Kipling

12. The “White Man’s Burden” appeared in children’s books and even in advertisements of the time period.

13. Religious • Spread religion (usually Christianity) • Spread moral values • Protect missionaries

14. Exploratory • Explore uncharted (unknown) territory • Investigate new cultures • Conduct scientific research using new technology • Improvements in communication and transportation The steamboat Herald (with mounted machine guns) on the Zambezi river in Africa

15. What’s the motive? • I wonder what we would find if we just kept sailing? • Everyone needs the word of Christ. • The gold is practically laying on the top soil. • They need us, those heathens. • We can’t let the French beat us there.

16. Example of Imperialism • Provide three motives of imperialism together with three examples that you create to demonstrate understanding: • Motive: • Example: • Motive: Religious • Example: A British Christian missionary attempts to convert a Chinese Buddhist woman to Catholicism

17. What might the “snake” represent? Why would it have a human head? Who is it coiling around? What do you think it means?

18. What is imperialism? • In 2005, Ms. Haggerman was accused of “being an imperialist” by upset Chinese factory workers for putting the following conditions on the factories that sold our company’s products • No Child Labor (Under 16) • No Slave Labor • No Dangerous working conditions • No excessively long work hours (no more than 10 per day)

19. What is Imperialism? • In a paragraph, answer whether you believe that Ms. Haggerman was acting as an “imperialist.” • Be sure to define imperialist • What did Ms. Haggerman do to make (or not make her) an imperialist? • Which, if any, of the conditions insisted on by Ms. Haggerman do you believe should be imposed on Chinese factories as a condition for selling to U.S. companies?

20. German Unification Other strong nations emerged in the mid-1800s as the result of political and economic changes in Europe and beyond.

21. Direct vs. Indirect Rule European nations chose one of two different paths when it came to colonial rule: • Indirect rule: colonies were given a degree of internal autonomy • Example: Nigeria • Direct rule: the colony was directly administered by the colonizer • Example: Senegal

22. The Scramble for Africa Begins King Leopold II of Belgium

23. Imperialism in Africa • King Leopold (Belgium) • First European country to claim part of Africa • Establish brutal, slave-like country in Congo • Led to other European countries grabbing territory in Africa

24. Exploratory • David Livingstone • Mapping the “Dark Continent” David Livingstone

25. “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Henry Morton Stanley in 1869

26. The Maxim Gun—New technology Invented in 1885 British troops fighting forces in Benin in 1897 The gun could fire 500 rounds per minute. Gave Europeans an advantage over native populations

27. The International African Association Steamboat Stanley on the Congo River

28. The Berlin Conference Established a set of agreed-upon rules regarding the competition among the great powers for colonies in Africa

29. Berlin Conference • Participants: • 12 European countries + U.S. • No African countries • Results: • 1) No arms sales to Africa • 2) No claims of colonies without control • 3) Free trade along major rivers

30. European Control of Africa By 1914, only two African nations remained independent

32. Egypt The Suez Canal in 1875, six years after it opened • The Suez Canal • Shares in the canal held by France, Egypt • Britain buys out Egypt’s interest • Egyptian financial crisis • 1882 uprisings • British invade and occupy Egypt for 72 years.

33. Cecil Rhodes • British imperialist who made huge profits from Africa’s natural resources • Founder of the state of Rhodesia in Africa • Founder of the De Beers Consolidated mines (think diamonds)

34. “The Rhodes Colossus” This 1892 cartoon depicts British imperial ambitions to control the entire African continent.

35. A Closer Look at Imperialism in Africa • European quest to control natural resources • Copper, rubber and tin • Doing so led to drastic changes in the infrastructure of the continent • Africans used to be subsistence farmers and now forced to grow cash crops, like peanuts The port of Zanzibar around 1900

36. Improvements in Transportation and Communication • Laid thousands of roads and telegraph lines. • Allowed Europeans to exploit resources and control the people better

37. South Africa • The Dutch first arrived on the Cape of Good Hope in the late 17th century. • Europeans soon began to settle on the Cape, taking land and forcing the natives out. Jan van Riebeeck landing on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652

38. The Great Trek, 1835–1843

39. Diamonds and Gold In 1867, diamonds were discovered in South Africa; in 1886, gold was discovered. Diamond mining in South Africa

40. The Boer War, 1899–1902 • Dutch and British troops fought for control of the Cape • The British prevailed British troops landing on the Cape

41. Scramble for Africa: Britain • Colonies: • Egypt, Sudan, Nigeria, Union of South Africa, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) • Goal #1) • Protect sea route to India: Suez Canal • Goal #2) • Secure minerals in Southern Africa • Diamonds and Gold • Greatest Challenges #1: Resistance by Muslims in Sudan • Greatest Challenge #2: War with Afrikaners

42. Scramble for Africa: France • Colonies: Algeria, Morocco, French West Africa, Madagascar • Goal: Control trade from coast to coast • Greatest Challenge: Defeat of Samori Toure Muslim empire in Western Africa

43. Imperialism in Africa • Why couldn’t the African’s get rid of the Europeans? • African Disadvantages • Variety of cultures and tribal organization • Ethnic strife (conflict between tribes) • Low level of technology

44. Ethiopian Independence • Emperor Menelik II (Ethiopia) resisted European countries • Defeated Italy in 1896 (Battle of Adowa) • Played one European country off another • Symbol of African resistance to imperialism

45. Map Exercise • Label the following countries and mark it with the number of the country that controlled it • Algeria, Morocco, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Angola, Mozambique, Ethiopia, Liberia, Union of South Africa, Madagascar, German East Africa, British East Africa, Belgian Congo, Egypt, Nigeria, Northern/Southern Rhodesia, Italian Somaliland, Kamerun (Cameroon),

46. Summary • European Imperialism in Africa begins in the late 1700’s/early 1800’s. • Europeans used to be interested solely in the slave trade, now wanted African colonies for raw materials (gold, rubber, tin, diamonds) for use in the new factories developed in the Industrial Revolution and for income via taxes. • In the Berlin Conference Europe divided Africa and agree to help each other fight African resistance. England = S and W Africa, French = Central Africa • Most African colonies governed by direct rule. British were the only ones to use indirect rule

47. Summary • Africans could not fight off Europeans because: • Variety of cultures and tribal organization • Ethnic strife (conflict between tribes) • Low level of technology • Europeans were united against them • Advantages of colonization: • Reduced tribal warfare • Raised life expectancy (medicine and agriculture) • Introduced modern technology • Disadvantages of colonization: • Destroyed traditional way of life • No political power / treated harshly

48. Diary Entry by African Villager • Write a ½-1 page diary entry from the perspective of an African villager who sees the French and British come into his/her town. Create two scenes that clearly demonstrate at least two motives of imperialism • The entry can begin • “We continue to see our way of life change, ever since the British and the French came to our town. The British seem to be interested only in …

49. China China was a closed society prior to the 1700’s. Europeans forced it open

50. China • China considered all foreign countries inferior to them • Trade with China was a privilege, not a right. • Merchants could only visit one Chinese city, Guangzhou (GWONG-JOH). • Traders had to follow specific laws or they were not allowed to trade.