THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1. THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1861-1865

2. The Civil War (1861-1865) • a period of war between Northern + Southern states • The free states were called the Army of the Union (U.S.) and were compromised of 23 states; • The 11 slave states called themselves the Confederate States of America (C.S.A.)

3. The Civil War (1861-1865) • By the end of the war, 600,000 soldiers had died • Which represents more than all the deaths of our other campaigns combined! • Over ½ die from disease than bullets

4. What was happening in the US before the War started?

5. A Deeply Divided America • Before the war, the country boasted 31,000,000 citizens and • 34 states (Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas) In the South, 4,000,000 were slaves – They made up ½ of the total population. • During this time, blacks are born & live in filth, disease, and ignorance.

6. A Deeply Divided America • Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan were Presidents between 1849-1861 • They were largely ineffective, and their inactions helped further the cause for war.

7. “_____ states” “_____ states” Differences between northern and southern states: North South __________ economy industrial agricultural __________ economy free slave

8. A Deeply Divided America • Secession had been suggested many times as only way to deal with slavery • In their eyes slavery only way to preserve their economy - they didn’t know what to do without slaves • American Slavery had existed for so long (1619) that it was called “a peculiar institution”

9. Society tried to end slavery several times during this period. • “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” (1852) - by Harriet B. Stowe told a violent story that moved many to join abolitionists • Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year. • 2 million in a decade!

10. Society’s Efforts to Stop Slavery • The “Underground Railroad” was created by Harriet Tubman + other conductors to evacuate slaves from South- nearly 50,000 saved by the “railroad.” • Tubman herself rescued over 300 slaves after her escape.

11. The State of Slavery in America RACISM RULED throughout country • Even Northern Abolitionists were racist by modern standards. • Churches, schools, and even cemeteries wouldn’t accept them; workers didn’t trust them because they were worried about their own jobs

12. The State of Slavery in America In the South, girl slaves were used and sold as breeders for more slaves. • Southerners saw their slaves as property, which could be moved with them to new lands.

13. The Wilmot Proviso (1846) The Wilmot Proviso (1846) unsuccessfully tried to end slavery by making it illegal in lands won during the Mexican War.

14. What caused the Civil War to occur?

15. An America Free, or Slave? • Several attempts made to deal with slavery – NONE WERE SUCCESSFUL • The Missouri Compromise (1820) – The nation kept an uneasy balance of power by admitting Missouri (SLAVE state) and Maine (FREE state)

17. An America Free, or Slave? • The Compromise of 1850 – California statehood swung the balance to the North. • To maintain the balance, power and future states were allowed popular sovereignty.

20. Path to War (1850-1856) • Several events placed the country on a path to war. • “Bleeding Kansas” (1856) proved that popular sovereignty was a failure in settling this issue. • As a result, Kansas collapsed into civil war and more than 200 people were killed. • The debate even spilled over into violence in the nation’s capital.

21. Path to War (1850-1856) In 1856, Preston Brooks brutally attacked Charles Sumner with a cane over a speech Sumner had made.

22. Path to War (1850-1856) In 1857, a slave named Dred Scott sued for his freedom and lost. The Supreme Court said that Scott was not a free man, and that Congress had no right to outlaw slavery in any territory.

23. The Final Straws came in 1859-1860 • When John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry failed. • He was captured and hanged by the South.

24. 1860 Election Results

25. Abraham Lincoln’s Election • Finally, Lincoln’s election in 1860 pushed the South over the edge: slaveholders call him “The Black Republican” because he supported abolition. On December 20, 1860 South Carolina seceded from the Union, in response to Lincoln’s victory.

26. Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

27. Events During The Civil War

29. Abraham Lincoln won the election in 1860 over his longtime rival Stephen Douglas, who Lincoln debated several times in 1858. • With Lincoln’s election, the nation began to tear itself apart.

30. Leadership during the War Abraham Lincoln (US) Jefferson Davis (CSA)

31. The Union and Confederacy in 1861

32. Realities of the Campaign • Each side made critical errors in the early years of the War • Lincoln seriously underestimates the will of the South – not prepared for response his army receives in early years of the War • The South wrongly assumes Britain will come to its aid – all of Europe has banned slavery by 1860

33. Ranking North v. South: 1861

34. Resources

35. Advantages of the Union (North) 22 million population Bank industry and factories Value of goods increased Horses and Railroad tracks Firearms and munitions Production 90% of industry – GOODS Controlled the Navy

36. Confederate (Rebel) advantages (South) and disadvantages excellent generals -Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson Familiarity with the land makes defending always easier than attacking Farmers fight better than factory workers Profitable economy based on cotton exports

37. Weapons of the Civil War • Most soldiers were issued smoothbore muskets that were difficult to load and could be fired at an accurate range of only about 100 yards, (only three times in one minute.) Rifled muskets were much more accurate and deadly with a range of up to 500 yards.

38. Destruction from Artillery • In the Civil War, some Cannons were rifled for better accuracy and more power. • Rifled cannons could accurately lob shells for almost 2000 yards; that is almost one mile!. • Smoothbore cannons were not as accurate and could be lobbed 500 yards.

39. Technology made Civil War . . . The Monitor

40. More efficient and deadly

41. First metal ships in world!

42. Key Battles • Fort Sumter ( April 1861): Start of the War

43. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas), July 1861 • Union defeat • Forces both sides to realize that the War will not end quickly

44. Fort Donelson – February 1862 • Attacks by Ulysses S. Grant gave the Union its first victory of the War

45. Shiloh - April 1862 • Union Victory (24,000 casualties)

46. Antietam, 1862 • Union Victory – largest loss of life during the War (more than 25,000 casualties)

47. Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Freed the slaves only in states that seceded from the Union. It did not free slaves in border states. Constitution forbid Lincoln to free slaves in the Union

48. Blacks in the Military After the Emancipation Proclamation blacks began to join the Union Army Initially they were only used for manual labor Eventually, Blacks saw live combat 54th regiment out of Massachusetts William Carney

49. The 54th Regiment attack on Fort Wagner, SC- July 18, 1863

50. African-Americans in Civil War Battles