COMP3470 IS33 People-Centred Information Systems Development

1. School of Computing FACULTY OF Engineering COMP3470 IS33 People-Centred Information Systems Development Week 2 : ISD Approaches: theories, methods and techniques Asking: what, how and when? IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

2. ISD…….a bit short of theories? (some being used in HCI?) IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

3. Theories of Motivation • There are 4 well-publicized motivational theories: • Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Hygiene Theory • Expectancy Theory • Achievement Theory • How to use these theories? • When? • Advantages and disadvantages IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

4. Methods and Techniques • UML • Stakeholder analysis • Rich picture • Ethnography • Joint Application Development (JAD) • User-centred design IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

5. How? • Workshop / common visual display • Use of IT • decision support systems (e.g. Groupsystem) • prototypes • SQIRO, field studies • Individual /small group consultation • Informal expert review • Usability / formal heuristic evaluation • Iterative design IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

6. When? • Data collection / Understanding • Feasibility study / Analysis • Design • Implementation • Testing /evaluation • Installation We’ll revisit these when we come to ‘Methodologies’ IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

7. Let’s look at the methods & techniques one by one… IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

8. UML • Where does ‘people’ feature in UML? • How these diagrams can be used? • When? • Advantages and disadvantages? IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

9. Stakeholder Analysis • Need to identify the ‘people’ who need to be consulted while gathering requirements • Usually involve stakeholders in brainstorming sessions • Possible stakeholders – shareholders/investors, employees (different subgroups?), customers, suppliers, trade associations, environmental groups, public stakeholder group (government bodies…); some of these could be ‘users’ of IS but not all • Advantages and disadvantages? IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

10. Rich Picture • What is it – see example from Avison & Fitzgerald p.159 • To examine factors such as interfaces, boundaries, subsystems, the control of resources, organisational structure, role of personnel, organisational goals, employee needs, issues, problems, and concerns • How can this be used? • When? • Advantages and disadvantages? IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

11. Ethnography • “a method of observing human interactions in social setting and activities” (Burke & Kirk 2001, http://www.otal.umd.edu/hci-rm/ethno.html ) • = field study, contextual inquiry, observational study in HCI and systems analysis • How? • When? • Advantages & disadvantages? IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

12. JAD • A facilitated meeting involving business users and IS professionals for confirming design decisions • How? • When? • Advantages and disadvantages? IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques

13. User-Centred Design • The practice of the following principles: the active involvement of users for a clear understanding of user and task requirements, iterative design & evaluation, and a multi-disciplinary approach. (Vredenburg et al, A Survey of User-Centered Design Practice, in CHI 2002: changing the world, changing ourself, CHI Letters, Vol 4 no 1) • How? • When? • Advantages and disadvantages? IS33 ISD - theories, methods & techniques