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Ch. 1 – Matter, Energy, & Change

Ch. 1 – Matter, Energy, & Change. Chemistry is defined as the following: the study of a chemical substance’s composition, structure, properties, and changes that substance undergoes. How does chemistry affect your life? Fuels, fertilizers, medicines, plastics, water, air, ect.

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Ch. 1 – Matter, Energy, & Change

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  1. Ch. 1 – Matter, Energy, & Change • Chemistry is defined as the following: the study of a chemical substance’s composition, structure, properties, and changes that substance undergoes. • How does chemistry affect your life? • Fuels, fertilizers, medicines, plastics, water, air, ect. • Name some chemical substances • Water, sugar, ammonia, air, sand, salt, acids, bases, ect.

  2. Areas of study in chemistry • 1. Inorganic chemistry – study of chemistry that deals with all substances that contain elements other than carbon. • 2. Organic chemistry – study of chemistry with all substances containing carbon and hydrogen. • 3. Biochemistry – study all substances and processes that occur in living things.

  3. 4. Physical chemistry – the study of the properties, transformations, and interrelationships of energy and matter. • 5. Analytical chemistry – the identification of substances and the qualitative and quantitative determination of the composition of materials.

  4. What is a chemical? • Any substance that has a definite composition. • Ex. Water, nitrogen, carbon dioxide • What is an atom? • Smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of that element. • What is an element? • A pure substance made of only 1 kind of atom. • Ex. N, O, Au, Ag, Pt • What is matter? • Any thing that has mass and occupies space.

  5. Difference between mass and weight • What is mass? • How much matter is present • What is weight? • The measure of the Earth’s gravitational force • Mass vs. weight on the moon. • Video Clip • Do you remember what inertia is? • The resistance to change in motion • Mass & weight determine an object’s inertia • Law of conservation of mass states what? • Matter cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only be converted from one form to another.

  6. Types of Energy • Explain energy. • An objects ability to do work or cause change. • 2 types • 1. Kinetic energy – which is what? • Energy in motion – Examples??? • 2. Potential energy – which is what? • Stored energy – Examples??? • Can someone explain the Law of conservation of Energy?

  7. Properties • They allow us to determine one kind of matter from another. • 1. Physical properties – describe a substance qualitatively & quantitatively without changing it. • Ex. Physical changes  cut a board in half & melt ice • 2. Chemical properties – a substance that undergoes a change to alter its identity. • Ex. Chemical reactions  1 or more substances are converted into a different substance. • Reactant  Product

  8. 3. Extensive properties – depend on the amount of matter that is present. • Ex. Mass, volume, amount of energy • 4. Intensive properties – don’t depend on the amount of matter that is present. • Ex. Melting point, boiling point • Evidence of a Chemical Reaction • 1. Heat or light is given off • 2. Gas is released • 3. Precipitate forms • Precipitate is a solid that forms in a solution.

  9. 4 States of Matter • You should already know all four • 1. Liquid – has volume, but no shape. • 2. Solid – has volume and shape. • 3. Gas – no volume or shape. • 4. Plasma – a gaseous system composed of positively particles and negatively charged electrons. • Plasma is the most abundant matter in the universe. • Page 15 • Video Clip

  10. What is the release of energy or heat called? • Exothermic • Ex. Steam from boiling water • What is absorption of energy or heat called? • Endothermic • Ex. Ice • What is a mixture? • 2 or more substance mixed together • Ex. Concrete, air , pop, salt water, granite, ect.

  11. 2 Types of Mixtures • 1. Heterogeneous mixture – the mixture’s composition & properties are not uniform. • You can pick out the different substances. • Ex. Concrete, granite, vegetable soup • 2. Homogeneous mixture – the mixture’s composition & properties are uniform. • Ex. Pop, milk, air, • Solutions are homogeneous mixtures. • Ex. Solution of HCl or NaOH • Pure substances are homogeneous substances with the same pattern in every substance.

  12. Periodic Table • This is how elements are arrange. How are they arranged? • Atomic Number • Groups or families run vertically in columns • 18 Groups • Periods run horizontally in rows • 7 Periods • Metals are closer to the left hand side of the staircase. • Ductile – drawn into wire • Malleable – rolled into sheets • Good conductor of electricity and heat

  13. Nonmetals are closer to the right hand side or right of the staircase. • Poor conductors of electricity and heat • Metalloids are along the staircase • Characteristics of metals and nonmetals • Semiconductors of heat and electricity • Noble gases – group 18; no charge • Table 1-2 (page 20)

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