Labor 2

1. Labor 2 Prepared by: Mr’s Raheegeh awni 20/10/2010

2. Second Stage of Labor • This stage begins when cervical dilatation is complete and ends with fetal delivery. • The median duration is about 50 minutes for nulliparas and about 20 minutes for multiparas, but it can be highly variable (Kilpatrick and Laros, 1989). • 2006 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

3. In a woman of higher parity with a previously dilated vagina and perineum, two or three expulsive efforts after full cervical dilatation may suffice to complete delivery. • Conversely, in a woman with a contracted pelvis or a large fetus or with impaired expulsive efforts from conduction analgesia or sedation, the second stage may become abnormally long.

4. The second stage generally takes from 30 minutes to 3 hours in primigravid women and from 5 to 30 minutes in multigravid women.

5. CONT. -Three phases of 2nd stage: 1. Latent phase 2. Decent phase 3. Transition phase These phases are characteterized by maternal verbal and nonverbal behaviors, uterine activity, urge to bear down, and fetal descent.

6. Phases 2nd stage: 1.Latent phase -Is a period of rest and relative calm -Fetus continues to decent passively through the birth canal and rotate to anterior position as result UT contraction

7. CONT. - Woman is quiet and relax with her eyes closed between contractions. - The urge to bear down is not well established and my not be experienced at all or only during the peak of contraction

8. Phase 2nd stage 2. Descent phase (active pushing) - Strong urges to bear down as ferguson reflex is activated when the presenting part presses on the stretch receptor of the pelvic floor, the fetal station 1+, position is anterior.

9. Phase 2nd stage 3. Transition phase - The presenting part on the perineum - Bearing down is more effective for promoting birth - woman more verbal about pain, she may scream or swear and may act out of control

10. Duration of 2nd The duration of 2nd stage of labor is influenced by several factors : 1. Effectiveness of the primary and secondary powers of labor 2. Type and amount of analgesia used 3. Physical and emotional condition 4. Position, activity level, parity

11. Duration of second stage 5. Pelvic adequacy of the laboring woman (size, presentation, position of the fetus) 6. Nature of support the woman receives

12. CONT. If the woman has been given epidural analgesia pushing can last more than 2hrs, anaglesia reduce the urge bear down and limits the woman’s ability to attain an upright position to push

13. CONT. -Commonly 2nd stage of more than 2hrs may be consider prolonged in woman without analgesia and is reported to the primary of health care provider using assessment to FTR and pattern, decent of the presenting part, quality of UT contraction and the status of the woman. - premature interventions with episiotomy or forceps or vacuum assisted birth can be avoided.

14. Mechanism of labor. • Six movements of the baby enable it to adapt to the maternal pelvis: descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation, and expulsion.

15. 1- DESCENT. Descent is brought about by the force of the uterine contractions, maternal bearing-down (Valsalva) efforts, and, if the patient is upright, gravity. 2- FLEXION. Partial flexion exists before labor as a result of the natural muscle tone of the fetus. During descent, resistance from the cervix, walls of the pelvis, and pelvic floor cause further flexion of the cervical spine, with the baby's chin approaching its chest.

16. In the occipitoanterior position, the effect of flexion is to change the presenting diameter from the occipitofrontal to the smaller suboccipitobregmatic. • In the occipitoposterior position, complete flexion may not occur, resulting in a larger presenting diameter, which may contribute to a longer labor.

17. 3- INTERNAL ROTATION. In the occipitoanterior positions, the fetal head, which enters the pelvis in a transverse or oblique diameter, rotates so that the occiput turns anteriorly toward the symphysis pubis. Internal rotation probably occurs as the fetal head meets the muscular sling of the pelvic floor. It is often not accomplished until the presenting part has reached the level of the ischial spines (zero station) and therefore is engaged.

18. In the occipitoposterior positions, the fetal head may rotate posteriorly so the occiput turns toward the hollow of the sacrum. Alternatively, the fetal head may rotate more than 90 degrees, positioning the occiput under the pubic symphysis and thus converting to an occipitoanterior position

19. Crowning Occurs when the largest diameter of the fetal head is encircled by the vulvar ring. At this time, the vertex has reached station +5. When necessary, an incision in the perineum (episiotomy) may aid in reducing perineal resistance, although current management is to allow the fetus to deliver without an episiotomy.

20. 4- Extension: The head is born by rapid extension as the occiput, sinciput, nose, mouth, and chin pass over the perineum. • In the occipitoposterior position, the head is born by a combination of flexion and extension. • At the time of crowning, the posterior bony pelvis and the muscular sling encourage further flexion. • The forehead, sinciput, and occiput are born as the fetal chin approaches the chest. • Subsequently, the occiput falls back as the head extends, and the nose, mouth, and chin are born.

21. 5- EXTERNAL ROTATION. In both the occipitoanterior and occipitoposterior positions, the delivered head now returns to its original position at the time of engagement to align itself with the fetal back and shoulders. Further head rotation may occur as the shoulders undergo an internal rotation to align themselves anteroposteriorly within the pelvis.

22. 6- EXPULSION. Following external rotation of the head, the anterior shoulder delivers under the symphysis pubis, followed by the posterior shoulder over the perineal body and the body of the child. Clinical management of the second stage. As in the first stage, certain steps should be taken in the clinical management of the second stage of labor.

23. Management of the Second Stage of Labor • With full dilatation of the cervix, which signifies the onset of the second stage of labor, a woman typically begins to bear down, and with descent of the presenting part she develops the urge to defecate.

24. Uterine contractions and the accompanying expulsive forces may last 1 /2 minutes and recur at an interval no longer than 1 minute.

25. Maternal Expulsive Efforts • In most cases, bearing down is reflexive and spontaneous during second-stage labor, but occasionally a woman may not employ her expulsive forces to good advantage and coaching is desirable. • Her legs should be half-flexed so that she can push with them against the mattress. Instructions should be to take a deep breath as soon as the next uterine contraction begins, and with her breath held, to exert downward pressure exactly as though she were straining at stool.

26. She should not be encouraged to "push" beyond the time of completion of each uterine contraction. • Instead, she and her fetus should be allowed to rest and recover. • During this period of active bearing down, the fetal heart rate auscultated immediately after the contraction is likely to be slow, but should recover to normal range before the next expulsive effort. • Gardosi and associates (1989) have recommended a squatting or semisquatting position using a specialized pillow.

27. They claim that this shortens second-stage labor by increasing expulsive forces and by increasing the diameter of the pelvic outlet. • Eason and colleagues (2000) performed an extensive review of positions and their effect on the incidence of perineal trauma. • They found that the supported upright position had no advantages over the recumbent one.

28. As the head descends through the pelvis, feces frequently are expelled by the woman. • With further descent, the perineum begins to bulge and the overlying skin becomes stretched. Now the scalp of the fetus may be visible through the vulvar opening. • At this time, the woman and her fetus are prepared for delivery.

29. Preparation for Delivery • Delivery can be accomplished with the mother in a variety of positions. • The most widely used and often the most satisfactory one is the dorsal lithotomy position. • At Parkland Hospital the lithotomy position is not mandated for normal deliveries. • In many birthing rooms delivery is accomplished with the woman lying flat on the bed.

30. For better exposure, leg holders or stirrups are used. • In placing the legs in leg holders, care should be taken not to separate the legs too widely or place one leg higher than the other, as this will exert pulling forces on the perineum that might easily result in the extension of a spontaneous tear or an episiotomy into a fourth-degree laceration. • The popliteal region should rest comfortably in the proximal portion and the heel in the distal portion of the leg holder.

31. The legs are not strapped into the stirrups, thereby allowing quick flexion of the thighs backward onto the abdomen should shoulder dystocia develop. • The legs may cramp during the second stage, in part, because of pressure by the fetal head on nerves in the pelvis. • Such cramps may be relieved by changing the position of the leg or by brief massage, but leg cramps should never be ignored.

32. Preparation for delivery should include vulvar and perineal cleansing. • If desired, sterile drapes may be placed in such a way that only the immediate area about the vulva is exposed. • In the past, the major reason for care in scrubbing, gowning, and gloving was to protect the laboring woman from the introduction of infectious agents.

33. Spontaneous Delivery • Delivery of the Head • With each contraction, the perineum bulges increasingly, and the vulvovaginal opening becomes more dilated by the fetal head, gradually forming an ovoid and finally an almost circular opening. This encirclement of the largest head diameter by the vulvar ring is known as crowning.

34. Unless an episiotomy has been made, the perineum thins and, especially in nulliparous women, may undergo spontaneous laceration. • The anus becomes greatly stretched and protuberant, and the anterior wall of the rectum may be easily seen through it. • Considerable controversy exists concerning whether an episiotomy should be cut.

35. Individualization and NO routine cut of an episiotomy is advocated. • An episiotomy will increase the risk of a tear into the external anal sphincter or the rectum, or both. • Conversely, anterior tears involving the urethra and labia are much more common in women in whom an episiotomy is not cut.

36. Ritgen Maneuver • When the head distends the vulva and perineum enough to open the vaginal introitus to a diameter of 5 cm or more, a towel-draped, gloved hand may be used to exert forward pressure on the chin of the fetus through the perineum just in front of the coccyx. • Concurrently, the other hand exerts pressure superiorly against the occiput.

37. it is customarily designated the Ritgen maneuver, or the modifiedRitgen maneuver. • This maneuver allows controlled delivery of the head. • It also favors extension, so that the head is delivered with its smallest diameters passing through the introitus and over the perineum. • Mayerhofer and colleagues (2002) have challenged the use of the Ritgen maneuver on the grounds that this procedure was associated with more third-degree perineal lacerations and more frequent use of episiotomy.

38. They preferred the "hands-poised" method, in which the attendant did not touch the perineum during delivery of the head. • This method had similar associated laceration rates and neonatal outcomes as the modified Ritgen maneuver, but with a lower incidence of third-degree tears.

39. Delivery of the Shoulders • After its delivery, the fetal head falls posteriorly, bringing the face almost into contact with the maternal anus. • The occiput promptly turns toward one of the maternal thighs and the head assumes a transverse position.

40. This movement of restitution (external rotation) indicates that the bisacromial diameter (transverse diameter of the thorax) has rotated into the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis. • Most often, the shoulders appear at the vulva just after external rotation and are born spontaneously. • If delayed, immediate extraction may appear advisable.

41. The sides of the head are grasped with two hands, and gentle downward traction is applied until the anterior shoulder appears under the pubic arch. • Some practitioners prefer to deliver the anterior shoulder prior to suctioning the nasopharynx or checking for a nuchal cord to avoid shoulder dystocia. • Next, by an upward movement, the posterior shoulder is delivered.

42. The rest of the body almost always follows the shoulders without difficulty; but with prolonged delay, its birth may be hastened by moderate traction on the head and moderate pressure on the uterine fundus. • Hooking the fingers in the axillae should be avoided because this may injure the nerves of the upper extremity, producing a transient or possibly a permanent paralysis.

43. Traction, furthermore, should be exerted only in the direction of the long axis of the neonate, for if applied obliquely it causes bending of the neck and excessive stretching of the brachial plexus. • Immediately after delivery of the newborn, there is usually a gush of amnionic fluid, often tinged with blood but not grossly bloody.

44. Clearing the Nasopharynx • To minimize aspiration of amnionic fluid, particulate matter, and blood once the thorax is delivered and the newborn can inspire, the face is quickly wiped and the nares and mouth are aspirated.

45. Nuchal Cord • Following delivery of the anterior shoulder, a finger should be passed to the fetal neck to determine whether it is encircled by one or more coils of the umbilical cord. • Nuchal cords are found in about 25 percent of deliveries and ordinarily do no harm. • If a coil of umbilical cord is felt, it should be slipped over the head if loose enough. • If applied too tightly, the loop should be cut between two clamps and the neonate promptly delivered

46. Nuchal Cord

47. Clamping the Cord • The umbilical cord is cut between two clamps placed 4 to 5 cm from the fetal abdomen, and later an umbilical cord clamp is applied 2 to 3 cm from the fetal abdomen. • A plastic clamp (Double Grip Umbilical Clamp) that is safe, efficient, and fairly inexpensive is used.

49. Timing of Cord Clamping • If after delivery, the newborn is placed at or below the level of the vaginal introitus for 3 minutes and the fetoplacental circulation is not immediately occluded by clamping the cord, an average of 80 mL of blood may be shifted from the placenta to the neonate. • This provides about 50 mg of iron, which reduces the frequency of iron deficiency anemia later in infancy.

50. Some policies use to clamp the cord after first thoroughly clearing the airway, all of which usually requires about 30 seconds. • The newborn is not elevated above the introitus at vaginal delivery or much above the maternal abdominal wall at the time of cesarean delivery.