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Disease and production measures of animal welfare 動物福利的疾病與生產評估

Disease and production measures of animal welfare 動物福利的疾病與生產評估. Module 5 模組 5. This module will enable you to 此模組將使你能夠. Understand the relationship between welfare and disease 了解動物福利與疾病的關係 Understand the relationship between welfare and production 了解動物福利與生產力的關係

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Disease and production measures of animal welfare 動物福利的疾病與生產評估

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  1. Disease and production measures of animal welfare動物福利的疾病與生產評估 Module 5 模組5

  2. This module will enable you to 此模組將使你能夠 • Understand the relationship between welfare and disease了解動物福利與疾病的關係 • Understand the relationship between welfare and production了解動物福利與生產力的關係 • Assess levels of disease and production評估動物福利程度與生產力水平

  3. Disease and Five Freedoms疾病與五項自由 Freedom from hunger and thirst 免除飢渴的自由 Freedom from discomfort 免除不適的自由 Freedom from pain, injury and disease 免除痛病傷的自由 Freedom to express normal behaviour 表現正常行為的自由 Freedom from fear and distress 免除恐懼焦慮的自由

  4. Disease and pain疾病與痛 Pain is probably the most important consequence of (painful) disease痛是疾病最重要的結果 Untreated pain can cause sensitisation of the pain pathway沒有獲得治療的疼痛會導致痛楚神經線變得異常敏感 Hyperalgesia痛覺過敏 Allodynia Sensitisation of the central nervous system by an acute disease may persist for several months中樞神經對急性疾病所導致的痛的敏感可以持續數月

  5. Persistence of pain痛的持續(Ley et al 1995) 5 Threshold stimulus (N) 刺激閥 2.5 0 Normal (Not lame) 正常(未跛足) Lame 跛足 Three months after lameness cured跛足治癒後三個月

  6. Disease and welfare疾病與動物福利 Poor welfare 福利差 Disease 疾病 Disease 疾病 Poor welfare 福利差

  7. Poor welfare causes disease動物福利不好會造成疾病

  8. Long term discomfort may cause disease長期的不適會導致疾病 Depriving access to a comfortable lying area may have more significant welfare implications than simply limiting an animal’s choices剝奪舒適的躺臥之處對動物福利的影響比限制動物選擇還要嚴重 Long term discomfort may cause limb lesions (e.g. pig bursitis) or lameness (e.g. dairy cattle)長期不適會使四肢生病(如豬的飛節炎)或跛腳(如牛)

  9. Example 1: Bursitis--finishing pig肉豬之飛節炎(Mouttotou et al 1998) Swellings caused by bursitis飛節炎導致豬蹄腫脹

  10. Housing conditions Prevalence of lesions (%) Deep straw + solid floor 42 Sparse straw + solid floor 44 Partially slatted 52 No straw + solid floor 54 Total slatted 84 Prevalence of bursitis is related to the comfort of the lying surface躺臥環境與飛節炎之盛行率有關

  11. Transport stress and risk of infection運輸壓力與感染的風險 • Transport includes several stressors運輸會有很多壓力 • Diseases may spread quickly會使疾病快速傳播 • The animal’s ability to combat disease is reduced動物抵抗力會減弱 • e.g.例如 • respiratory disease in calves小牛的呼吸疾病

  12. Transport & disease: orf in sheep運輸和疾病:接觸性水泡性皮膚炎(Gumbrell & McGregor 1997)

  13. Poor welfare also reduces production動物福利不好也會降低產量 Production 產量 Time時間

  14. Welfare and production福利和產量Example 1: Mixing pigs不同來源的豬混和運輸 • Mixing unfamiliar pigs often results in fighting and skin injuries不熟識的豬混和運輸會打鬥與皮膚傷害。 • Persistent fighting is a stressor that will also reduce production performance持續打鬥會降低生產性能

  15. 4 3 2 1 0 Fighting among pregnant sows: Cortisol levels在懷孕母豬間的打鬥:皮質醇濃度 Plasma Cortisol (nmol/l) 血清皮質醇(濃度單位) High Rank 高地位豬 Low Rank 低地位豬 Mendl et al, 1992

  16. 20 15 10 5 0 Fighting among pregnant sows: Piglet weight在懷孕母豬間的打鬥:小豬體重 Total weight of piglets(kg) 小豬總體重(公斤) Low Rank 低地位豬 High Rank 高地位豬 Mendl et al, 1992

  17. Welfare and production福利與產量Example 2: Pigs’ interactions with people豬與人類的互動 Negative tactile interactions (slaps or brief shocks with electrical prodders) for 15 - 30 seconds daily每天15-30秒負面的觸覺互動(打巴掌或短暫電擊等) Pigs are less willing to approach stationary humans 豬會不太願意與牧場內的人類接近

  18. Time to interaction with stockman豬與管理員之互動時間(Gonyou et al., 1986) Time to interact (s)互動的時間 0 50 100 150 After negative interaction負互動 After no interaction無互動 After positive interaction正互動

  19. Pig growth rate肉豬之生長速度(Gonyou et al., 1986) Growth rate (g/day) 成長速率(克/天) 800 850 900 After negative interaction負互動 After no interaction無互動 After positive interaction正互動

  20. Quantifying disease and production疾病與生產之量化 • On-farm observation 現場觀察 • Medicine records 醫療記錄 • Mortality records 死亡率 • Production records 生產力記錄 • Abattoir findings 屠體變化

  21. Quantifying human response to disease量化[人對疾病的反應] Disease levels and production are useful welfare indicators. However:疾病狀況和產量是有用的指標，然而: High production does not necessarily mean high welfare高的產量並不必然表示有高的福利 It is also important to assess the response of the stockperson to disease or poor performance評估管理員對疾病或差的表現的反應是重要的 Example: lameness in cows例如:乳牛的跛足

  22. Response of stockperson to lameness管理員對跛足的反應 (Whay et al, 2003) Perception認知 Does the farmer know how many lame cows he/ she has?農民是否知道他/她有多少跛足的牛? Evaluation and Action評估和行動 Does the farmer know the main cause of lameness?農民是否知道他牧場的牛跛足之主要原因? Does the farmer treat lame cows promptly?農夫有立刻去治療嗎? Has the farmer an action plan for improvement?農夫有改善的計畫嗎? Did the farmer get advice?農夫是否接受建議? Is the farmer following the action plan?農夫是否按照計畫去做?

  23. Perception of dairy cattle lameness乳牛跛足率(Whay et al 2003) 30 20 %百分比 10 0 Number observed 實際數目 Farmer’s estimate 農民估計

  24. Conclusions / Summary結論/摘要 • Disease can affect all Five Freedoms動物疾病會影響全部五項自由 • Persistent exposure to stressors can cause disease and reduced production performance動物持續暴露在壓力環境下會導致疾病，並會使生產力下降 • Disease and production changes due to poor welfare can be assessed我們可以評估因為動物福利不好所帶來的疾病與生產力之變化 • Human actions (prevention and treatment) can also be assessed我們也可以評估疾病預防與治療等人為措施

  25. Further Reading進修書目 • GUMBRELL RC & McGREGOR DA 1997 Outbreak of severe fatal orf in lambs. Vet Record 141: 150-151 • GONYOU HW, HEMSWORTH PH, BARNETT JL 1986. Effects of frequent interactions with humans on growing pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci 16: 269-278 • LEY SJ, WATERMAN AE, LIVINGSTON A 1995. A field study of the effect of lameness on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in sheep. Vet Record 137: 85-87 • MENDL M, ZANELLA AI & BROOM DM 1992. Physiological and reproductive correlates of behavioural strategies in female domestic pigs. Anim Behaviour 44: 1107-1121 • MOUTTOTOU N, HATCHELL FM & GREEN LE. 1998 Adventitious bursitis of the hock in finishing pigs: prevalence, distribution and association with floor type and foot lesions. Vet Record 142, 109-114

  26. Further Reading進修書目 • WHAY HR, MAIN DC, GREEN LE, WEBSTER AJ. 2003 Assessment of the welfare of dairy cattle using animal-based measurements: direct observations and investigation of farm records. Vet Record 153: 197-202

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