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Intelligence Chapter 8. A key issue is whether there is one intelligence or many FOR EXAMPLE: Gardner proposed that there are multiple types of intelligence and traditional intelligence tests do not measure them
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A key issue is whether there is one intelligence or many FOR EXAMPLE: Gardner proposed that there are multiple types of intelligence and traditional intelligence tests do not measure them Gardner defines intelligence as an ability to solve a problem or create a product within a specific cultural setting Remember your lab 2 weeks ago? Theories of Intelligence: One Ability or Many
Wechsler’s Theory • Wechsler argued that intelligence tests involving spatial relations and verbal comprehension reveal little about someone’s overall capacity to deal with the world • In his view, intelligence is not mathematical functioning or a problem-solving ability, but rather the broad ability to deal with the world
Factor Theories • Factor theories use factor analysis to explore what makes up intelligence • Factor analysis is a statistical procedure designed to discover the independent elements (factors) in a set of data • With regard to intelligence, factor analysis attempts to find clusters of items that measure common abilities
Spearman used factor analysis to show that intelligence consists of two parts A general factor (g) affecting all tasks Specific factors associated with particular tasks Spearman’s theory is called the two-factor theory of intelligence Factor Theories
Thurstone proposes seven basic factors representing unique abilities: Verbal comprehension Word fluency Number facility Spatial Visualization Associative memory Perceptual speed Reasoning Factor Theories
Jensen’s Two-Level Theory • Jensen suggests that intelligence consists of associative and cognitive abilities • Associative abilities enable people to connect stimuli and events • Cognitive abilities involve reasoning and problem solving
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory • Sternberg asserts that a solid theory of intelligence must focus on successful intelligence • The ability to adapt, shape, and select environments to accomplish one’s goals and those of society
analytic dimension involves the ability to use intelligence for problem solving in specific situations where there is only one right answer practical dimension has to do with a person’s application of experience in the external world and in everyday tasks creative dimension describes the mental mechanisms underlying what are commonly considered intelligent behaviours Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Golman claims that one’s emotional life can matter much more than one’s intellectual abilities Emotional intelligence includes self-awareness, impulse control, persistence, ability to recognize emotions in others, and social agility Emotions: A Different Kind of Intelligence?
Intelligent human behavior can be seen as an adaptation whose purpose is to increase the chances for reproduction Gould asserts that the evolutionary view has failed to appreciate accidental genetic changes due to catastrophic events Tooby and Cosmides argue that adaptation is affected by both random and purposive events Evolution and Intelligence
The 1994 book, The Bell Curve, by Hernstein and Murray, stirred up a whirlpool of controversy: The Bell Curve argues IQ is largely genetically-determined, and minority groups are trapped in an IQ-lowering environment from which they are unlikely to emerge Hout presents evidence that social factors are the main determinants of social inequality Hall says there is no evidence of a genetically determined race gap in cognitive test scores “The Bell Curve”
Are There Gender Differences? • The old consensus about gender differences is at least exaggerated, if not wrong • Hyde has investigated the results of studies on sex differences in a variety of domains
Hyde and Linn found only small gender differences The differences also exist in certain special populations Among the brightest mathematics students, boys outscore girls Boys also tend to take more math courses Gender Differences?
Giftedness • Defining who is gifted and what is gifted behaviour is a complicated task • Giftedness often involves creative talents that are not addressed with IQ tests • The gifted often show their abilities in one domain, but not in others
Mental Retardation • The American Association of Mental Retardation defines mental retardation as significantly sub-average intellectual functioning
Approximately 90% of those classified as mentally retarded have mild mental retardation Wechsler IQ of 55 to 69 Through special educational programs, people with mild mental retardation acquire academic and occupational skills People with moderate retardation account for about 6% of those classified as mentally retarded Wechsler IQ ranges from 40 to 54 Most moderately retarded individuals live in institutions or as dependents of their families Levels of Mental Retardation
About 3% of people with mental retardation are severely retarded Wechsler IQ of 25 to 39 Severely retarded individuals have a high level of motor, speech, and intellectual impairment, and are totally dependent on others to take care ofbasic needs Only 1% of people with mental retardation are classified as profoundly retarded Wechsler IQ below 25 Total supervision and care is required The motor and intellectual development of those classified as profoundly retarded is minimal Levels of Mental Retardation
