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The Nervous System

Explore the fundamentals of the nervous system: its components like the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, and how it controls the body's activities through neuron impulses. Learn about sensory and motor neurons, synapses, and the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Discover the functions of the brain regions like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem. Gain insights into maintaining homeostasis and differentiating between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

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The Nervous System

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  1. The Nervous System Chapter 10 section 1 http://www.dorlingkindersley-uk.co.uk/static/clipart/uk/dk/exp_humanbody/exp_human042.jpg

  2. Bell Work Write in complete sentences • What do you know or what do you think the nervous system is? • What does your brain do? • What does your spinal cord do?

  3. Responding to Stimuli Stimulus A stimulus is an internal or external change that brings about a response in the environment. Example: noise, light, smell of food, temperature, or… tripping over a rock

  4. Nervous System A system that controls all of the activities of the body. The nervous system is made of: The brain The spinal cord The nerves The senses

  5. Homeostasis Homeostasis is the regulation of steady, life-maintaining conditions inside an organism, despite changes in the environment. Example: regulation of your breathing or heartbeat and digestion

  6. Nerve Cells • Neuronsare made up of a cell body and branches called dendrites and axons. A message carried by a neuron is called an impulse. • dendrites receive messages and send them to the cell body. • axons carry messages away from the cell body. http://www2.cedarcrest.edu/academic/bio/hale/bioT_EID/lectures/tetanus-neuron.gif

  7. Types of Nerve Cells • You have three kinds of nerve cells: • Sensory nerve cells receive information and send impulses to the brain or spinal cord. • Interneurons relay the impulses from sensory nerve cells to motor nerve cells. • Motor nerve cells conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles or glands throughout your body. Example: respond to temperature, sound, pressure, and taste

  8. Nerve Impulse Messages carried throughout the body by nerves.

  9. Synapses • Nerve cells do not touch each other, yet still pass information to each other. • A synapseis a small space between nerve cells. • When an impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a chemical. • This chemical flows across the synapse and relays the impulse to the dendrite of the next neuron. http://www.alzheimer.ca/english/alzheimer_brain_mini_site/images/06a.jpg

  10. Central Nervous System The Central Nervous System (CNS) is made of the brain and the spinal cord. The Central Nervous System controls everything in the body.

  11. Peripheral Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made of all the nerves outside the CNS. It connects your brain and spinal cord to other body parts. These nerves include: your head (cranial nerves) and your spinal cord (spinal nerves)

  12. The Brain An organ that controls your emotions, your thoughts, and every movement you make. The braincoordinates all of your body activities. Your brain has about 100 billion neurons which is 10% of your bodies neurons.

  13. http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/BRAIN_2.gifhttp://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/BRAIN_2.gif

  14. Cerebrum • Cerebrum is the part of the brain that interprets impulses from the senses, stores memory, and controls movements.Thinking takes place here. • It is thelargest part of the brain • Outer layer is called the cortex, which allows more complex thoughts to be processed. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_57e2KV2nOZs/R_QB_fi8f6I/AAAAAAAAAVk/qj_5rZoAn64/s400/brain.jpg

  15. Cerebellum • The cerebellum is the part of the brain located behind and under the cerebrum. • Interprets stimuli from the eyes, ears, muscles, and tendons • Coordinates voluntary • muscle movements, • maintains muscle tone, • and helps maintain balance. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_57e2KV2nOZs/R_QB_fi8f6I/AAAAAAAAAVk/qj_5rZoAn64/s400/brain.jpg

  16. Brain Stem • Brain stemis the part of the • brain that extends from the • cerebrum and connects it to the • brain to the spinal cord • Made up of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla. The midbrain and pons are pathways connecting different parts of the brain with each other. • The medulla controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure. It is also involved in coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting. http://www.chiro.org/LINKS/GRAPHICS/Brain_stem_stretch_490X290.jpg

  17. The Spinal Cord • The spinal cord is made up of bundles of nerve cells that carry impulses to and from the brain. • The adult spinal cord is about the width of an adult thumb and about 43 cm long. http://www.csmc.edu/images/468380_SPINALCO_copy.jpg

  18. The Peripheral Nervous System • The peripheral nervous systemconnects your brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body. • The PNS is made up of 12 pairs of nerves from your brain called cranial nerves and 31 pairs from your spinal cord called spinal nerves. http://www.ipswichspineclinic.co.uk/Graphics/systemans.jpg

  19. Somatic and Automatic Systems Somatic The somatic system controls voluntary actions. Automatic The autonomic system controls involuntary actions. Example: If a bug flies by your eye, you will blink. controls

  20. You have a nerve along your whole arm. "Funny Bone" The “funny bone” is the only place on the arm where the nerve is not protected. The “funny bone” is on the elbow.

  21. Safety & the Nervous System • Any injury to the brain or spinal cord can be serious. • Injury to the spine can result in loss of muscle movement, called paralysis. • It is important to wear appropriate safety gear when playing sports or riding in a car or on a bicycle. http://studentweb.tulane.edu/~erichar2/paralysis.jpg

  22. Reflexes Reflexisan involuntary, automatic response to a stimulus controlled by the spinal cord. * An automatic reaction that happens without thinking about it. * A reflex happens quickly in less than a second. http://alexwillwalkagain.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/c7484kneejerk.jpg

  23. Drugs & the Nervous System • Drugs like alcohol and caffeine directly affect your nervous system. • Alcohol slows the activities of the central nervous system. It is classified as a depressant. • Caffeine speeds up the activity of the central nervous system. It can increase your heart rate and aggravate restlessness, tremors, and insomnia. http://images.medicinenet.com/images/SlideShow/foods_and_sleep_s7_medications.jpg http://www.quranandscience.com/images/alcohol-free.jpg http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_HWWBJkyjM24/SwTlV9w3xoI/AAAAAAAACxo/Llq6bRktp2Q/s1600/starbucks-crack-cat.jpg

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