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National Monuments

This exploration delves into the works of Jean Sibelius, Béla Bartók, and Charles Ives, highlighting how these composers integrated folk elements and modernist principles into their music. From Sibelius's interpretations of the "Kalevala" and his orchestral masterpieces to Bartók's synthesis of Hungarian folk traditions and Ives's transcendentalism and innovative structures, these composers embody a dialogue between national heritage and artistic progression. This study unveils the significance of their contributions to the musical landscape, revealing a rich tapestry of cultural identity and innovation.

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National Monuments

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  1. National Monuments

  2. Sibelius • Jean Sibelius (1865–1957) • Kalevala (Land of Heroes) • Elias Lönnrot, 1835 • Kullervo, Op. 7 (1891) • Four Legends from the Kalevala, Op. 22 (1893–95) • The Swan of Tuonela[Anthology 3-16]

  3. England • Hubert Parry (1848–1918) • Charles Villiers Stanford (1854–1924) • Edward Elgar (1857–1934) • Variations on an Original Theme “Enigma Variations”

  4. England • Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958) • Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis(1910) [Anthology 3-17] • A Sea Symphony (1903–09) • A London Symphony (1911–13) • A Pastoral Symphony (1922)

  5. Spain • Manuel de Falla (1876–1946) • La vidabreve (1905) • cantejondo(deep song) • El Sombrero de TresPicos(1919) • zarzuela • Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1909–16)

  6. Folk and Modernist Synthesis • BélaBartók (1881–1945) • Early influence of Richard Strauss • Kossuth (1903)

  7. Folk and Modernist Synthesis • BélaBartók (1881–1945) • ZoltánKodály (1882–1967) • Ethnomusicology • Style hongrois • Magyar nóta– sung Hungarian-style tunes • Verbunkos– Hungarian-style instrumental dance music

  8. Folk Ways • “Peasant music” and “modern music” • “A third way” • 14 Bagatelles for piano, Op. 6 (1908) • Bagatelle No. 4 [Anthology 3-18] • Dance Suite (1923) [Anthology 3-19]

  9. Szymanowski and Enescu • Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937) • First Violin Concerto (1916) • Third Symphony (1914–16) • Krol Roger (1920–24) • Stabat Mater (1925–26) • George Enescu (1881–1955) • Oedipe(1936) • Romanian Rhapsodies, Op. 11

  10. The Oldest Modernist:LeošJanáček • LeošJanáček (1854–1928) • Jenůfa(1904) • Five additional opera • Slavonic Liturgy, Glagolskámše(1926) • Song cycle, Zápisníkzmizelého • Orchestral work, Sinfonietta

  11. Speech-Tunelets • Influence of folk music and speech patterns and intonation • “Speech melodies” • Po zarostlémchodničku(On an Overgrown Path) [Anthology 3-20]

  12. Scriabin:From Expression to Revelation • Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915) • Theosophy • Petrovna Blavatsky (1831–91)

  13. Scriabin:From Expression to Revelation • Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915) • Fifth Symphony, Op. 60 Prométhée, le poème de feu(Prometheus, the Poem of Fire, 1908–10) • “mystic chord” • Vers la flammeOp. 72 (Towards the Flame, 1914) [Anthology 3-21]

  14. Mysterium and the Ultimate Aggregate Harmonies • Unfinished work • Communal creation, combination of all artistic media • Aggregate harmonies: “ultimate” chords each containing all twelve pitches

  15. Charles Ives (1874–1954) • Transcendentalism • Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803–82) • Henry David Thoreau (1817–62) • self-reliance

  16. Charles Ives (1874–1954) • Born in Danbury, Connecticut • Church organist • Studied at Yale with Horatio Parker (1863–1919) • The Celestial Country (1902) • Insurance salesman

  17. Terms of Reception • 1920: Privately published Second Piano Sonata Concord, Mass., 1840–60 • Essays before a Sonata • 1st public performance 1939, John Kirkpatrick • “greatest music composed by an American”

  18. Terms of Reception • 1922: Privately published 114 Songs • Other works published in Cowell’sNew Music Quarterly

  19. “Manner” and “Substance”:The Concord Sonata • Second Piano Sonata, Concord, Mass., 1840–60 [Anthology 3-22] • 1. Emerson • 2. Hawthorne • 3. The Alcotts • 4. Thoreau • Motive from Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony • other quotations

  20. Nostalgia • Three Places in New England [Anthology 3-23] • “Putman’s Camp” • “scherzoids” • allusions to popular American tunes

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