Recognition

1. Recognition • Recognition • Meaning: memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experiences before. • Example: -Recognising someone’s face but can not remember their name. • -Recognising an instrument no matter what the tune is. • Relearning • Is a measure of both declarative and procedural memory. 

2. Recall • Meaning: memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material. • Example: Most students would rather take a multiple-choice test, which utilisesrecognising memory, than an essay test, which employs recall memory.  • -It involves a person’s knowledge, attitude, and experiences. • -Recall is influenced by reconstructive processes. • Meaning: the alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified enriched, or distorted, depending on an individual experiences, attitudes or inferences. • -Confabulation: the act of filling in memory gaps     • -Schemas: conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world. •                 -Eidetic memory: the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information o the basis of short-term exposure.

3. Forgetting • We all experience forgetting memory. • Forgetting may involve decay, intereference, or repression. • Decay: fading away of memory over time.  • Intereference: blockage of a memory by precious or subsequent memories of a retrieval cue • In proactive interference an earlier memory blocks you from remembering later information.  • In retroactive interference a later memory or new information blocks you from remembering information learned earlier. 

4. Amnesia • Amnesia is a loss of memory that may occur after a blow to the head or as a result of brain damage. • It may also be the result of drug use or severe psychological stress. • Infant amnesia is the relative lack of early declarative memories.

5. Meaningfulness and Association • Elaborative rehearsal: the linking of new information to material that is already know.  • Mnemonic Devices  • Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information.  • The ancient Greeks memorized speeches by mentally walking around their homes or neighborhoods and associating each line of a speech with a different spot called the method of loci.  • Once they made the associations, they could recall the speech by mentally retracing their steps and picking up each line.

6. Chapter 11 Thinking and Language

7. Section 1 Thinking and Problem Solving

8. THIS LESSON CAN BE VERY FUN IF YOU PAY ATTENTION AND PARTICIPATE IN THE CLASS. OR ELSE YOU’RE NOT GOING LIKE US. AND YOU’LL BEG FOR MR.MARK TO COME TEACH YOU AGAIN! SO PLEASE.. PAY ATTENTION

9. Journal Question: How do you solve problems? ( 6 sent. )

10. How do we think? How do we solve problems? How do we create ideas?

11. We are capable of doing things with information that make the most complex computers seem simple by comparison Thinking and problem solving are most impressive when they show originality or creativity.

12. Thinking Changing and reorganizing the information stored in memory to create new information Unit of Thought: The processes of thought depend on several devices or units of thought: images, symbols, concepts, prototypes, and rules. The most basic unit of thought is an image, a mental representation of a specific event or object. Imaging is an effective way to think about concepts. A more abstract unit of thought is a symbol, a sound or design that represents an object or quality

13. Thinking (cont.) Concepts enable us to chunk large amounts of information. When we think of a concept, we often think of a representative example of it. This representation is called a prototype. When you think of a vehicle, for example, you might picture a car or a truck. A more complex unit of thought is a rule, a statement of a relation between concepts Images, symbols, concepts, prototypes, and rules are the building blocks of mental activity.

14. Thinking (cont.) A more abstract unit of thought is a symbol, a sound or design that represents an object or quality. Symbols include numbers, letters, punctuation marks, and icons. When a symbol is used as a label for a class of objects or events with certain common attributes–or for the attributes themselves–it is called a concept. Animals, music, liquid and beautiful people are examples of concepts based on the common attributes of the objects and experiences belonging to each category.

15. Kinds of Thinking People think in several ways: Direct and Nondirected thinking 1. Directed thinkingis a systematic and logical attempt to reach a specific goal, such as the solution to a problem. 2. Nondirected thinking(or divergent thinking), consists of a free flow of thoughts with no particular plan and depends more on images. 3. A third type of thinking is metacognition, or thinking about thinking.

16. DISCUSSION BREAK *rest your hands but pay attention please* HOW DO YOU THINK ?

17. One of the main functions of directed thinking is to solve problems–to bridge the gap mentally between a present situation and a desired goal. Getting from the problem to the solution requires some directed thinking. Strategies Problem solving depends on the use of specific methods for approaching problems. One strategy is to break down a complex problem into a number of smaller, more easily solved subgoals. Subgoals are intermediate steps toward a solution. To determine which strategy to use, most of us analyze the problem to see if it resembles a situation we have experienced in the past. Problem Solving

18. Problem solving (cont.) An algorithm is a fixed set of procedures that, if followed correctly, will lead to a solution. Mathematical and scientific formulas are algorithms. Algorithm is also used for playing chess. People often use shortcuts to solve problems. Heuristicsare rules of thumb that simplify a problem, allowing one to solve problems quickly and easily.

19. Creativity: the ability to use information in a new and original way • All problem solving requires creative thinking • Scientist conduct tests to measure creative thinking but it is not accurate

20. Flexibility: the ability to overcome rigidity • The ability to overcome rigidity is flexibility. • Psychologists have devised a number of ingenious tests to measure flexibility. • Whether such tests actually measure creativity is debatable.

21. Recombination:mentally rearranging the elements of a problem to arrive at a different solution Insight: the sudden realization of the solution to a problem

22. Obstacles to Problem Solving • There are times when certain useful strategies become cemented into the problem-solving process. • When a particular strategy becomes a habit, it is called a mental set–you are “set” to treat problems in a certain way.

23. One form of set that can interfere with problem solving is functional fixedness–the inability to imagine new functions for familiar objects. • In experiments on functional fixedness, people are asked to solve a problem that requires them to use a familiar object in an unfamiliar way (Duncker, 1945).

24. Youtube Video’s http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiTz2i4VHFw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2iXPTJxyDi8