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Pierre AUGER Observatory

Pierre AUGER Observatory. Jan Ridky Institute of Physics AS CR ridky@fzu.cz. For Pierre Auger collaboration. Mission of Pierre Auger Observatory :. astro-particle physics. spectrum sources anisotropy acceleration composition ……. spectrum interactions X-section s ( p-Air )

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Pierre AUGER Observatory

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  1. Pierre AUGER Observatory Jan Ridky Institute of Physics AS CR ridky@fzu.cz For Pierre Auger collaboration

  2. Mission of Pierre Auger Observatory: astro-particle physics • spectrum • sources • anisotropy • acceleration • composition • …… • spectrum • interactions • X-sections (p-Air ) • acceleration • neutrinos • …. • spectrum & MC J. Ridky, C2CR07

  3. Energy spectrum (a one-century quest!) 1 part/m2/s knee:1 part/m2/year 32 orders of magnitude! Limit forsatellites Is there any end? ankle : 1 part/km2/century! What kind of end if any? 12 orders of magnitude! J. Ridky, C2CR07

  4. J. Ridky, C2CR07

  5. The Auger Collaboration 15+2 Countries60+ Institutions350+ Scientists Argentina Netherlands Australia Poland Bolivia(*) Portugal Brazil Slovenia Czech RepublicSpain France United Kingdom Germany USA Italy Vietnam(*) Mexico (*) Associate countries J. Ridky, C2CR07

  6. Pierre Auger Observatory 1 600 detectors 3 000 km2 area 1.5 km spacing J. Ridky, C2CR07

  7. Pierre Auger Observatory • Hybrid detector • combined virtues of • surface detector and • fluorescence detector • 2 independent measurements • cross-calibration • energy and directions • composition J. Ridky, C2CR07

  8. 4 stations with 24 fluorescence telescopes - each station 180° field of view LOMA AMARILLA CLF J. Ridky, C2CR07

  9. Pierre Auger observatory - FD J. Ridky, C2CR07

  10. Pierre Auger observatory - FD FD = fluorescence detector mirror: R = 3440 mm area: 3,6 x 3,6 m2 J. Ridky, C2CR07

  11. Observatoř Pierra Augera - SD Pierre Auger observatory - SD J. Ridky, C2CR07

  12. electronics enclosure 3 – nine inch photomultiplier tubes GPS antenna communication antenna solar panels battery box white diffusion liner plastic tank with 12 tons of water … 12 m3 J. Ridky, C2CR07

  13. 1285 tanks deployed … as of February 23/07 1256 with water 1600 tanks in total …beginning of 2008 1155 with electronics J. Ridky, C2CR07

  14. Auger today exposition~ 5000 km2 y sr in total ~ 5·105 events 104 above 3·1018 eV – fully efficient SD (combined FD + SD …. energy ~ > 3·1017 eV) photon limit GC anisotropy J. Ridky, C2CR07

  15. Energy reconstruction (zenith < 60 deg) “MC free” as much as possible SD measurement calibrated by FD energy …SD measures S(1000) = signal 1000 m from center - choice of “1000” based on MC . . LDF is measured ! ! …FD – calorimetric measurement of energy - invisible energy estimated by MC J. Ridky, C2CR07

  16. Energy . . . . reconstruction energy reconstruction – S(1000) defined as LDF value 1000 m from impact of shower axis . . . . why 1000 ? p Fe J. Ridky, C2CR07

  17. signal unit ~ 1 VEM vertical equivalent muon J. Ridky, C2CR07

  18. Energy . . . . reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to signal fluctuation J. Ridky, C2CR07

  19. Energy . . . . reconstruction S(1000) of p and S(1000) of Fe …fluctuations J. Ridky, C2CR07

  20. FD versus SD Constant Intensity Cut attenuationS(1000) -> S38(1000) M. Roth, M. Unger, … J. Ridky, C2CR07

  21. Pierre Auger observatory - FD FD can see up to 25 - 30 km laser calibration, atmosphere monitoring, . . . stereo events - Čerenkov subtraction J. Ridky, C2CR07

  22. FD ….. fluorescence yield experiment AIRFLY . . . J. Ridky, C2CR07

  23. Atmospheric monitoring X – differences to US-Std. in III/05 J. Ridky, C2CR07

  24. Preliminary ! J. Ridky, C2CR07

  25. J. Ridky, C2CR07

  26. reversal of the standard SD energy reconstruction check of MC J. Ridky, C2CR07

  27. Events J. Ridky, C2CR07

  28. Events J. Ridky, C2CR07

  29. Wed Mar 3 15:05:09 2004 Easting = 477567 ± 21 m Northing = 6084561 ± 25 m dt = 92.0 ns Theta = 63.5 ± 0.1 deg Phi = 72.1 ± 0.1/sin(Theta) deg R = 24.2 ± 0.8 km S(1000) = 86.46 ± 2.69 VEM E = 59.44 EeV ± 3% (stat. error only) PRELIMINARY Tank signal (VEM) Core distance (m) Lateral Distribution Function Fit Surface Array view J. Ridky, C2CR07

  30. PRELIMINARY analysis shows zenith angle 64º, energy 59 EeV J. Ridky, C2CR07

  31. reversal of the standard SD energy reconstruction check of MC not enough muons !!! J. Ridky, C2CR07

  32. Muons . . . direct – from heavy flavours indirect – mainly from , K decays Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6-12 Sept. 2004 J. Ridky, C2CR07

  33. Typical high multiplicity event RUN 107634, EVT 4731 J. Ridky, C2CR07 Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6-12 Sept. 2004

  34. Events . . . . even more inclined one J. Ridky, C2CR07

  35. Conclusions: • Auger – South close to completion (early 2008) • the technical parameters of PAO will allow • unprecedented measurements in terms of • statistics (area) • energy (size of SD) • pointing (FD angular resolution < 1 deg) • composition (good atmospheric monitoring) • precision (hybrid approach) • valuable contribution to HEP • . . . . in synergy with LHC – MC tuning J. Ridky, C2CR07

  36. supporting slides J. Ridky, C2CR07

  37. 3 PMTs XP1805d1 Photonis ~ 1 ÷ 1000 particles/μs 40 MHz 15 bits dynamic range (5 bits overlap) read-out • last dynode – 1 FADC • anode – 1 FADC most frequent signals are those of atmospheric muons . . . . . . they are used for monitoring and calibration J. Ridky, C2CR07

  38. Trigger T3. . .events timing of signals (to beat accidentals) J. Ridky, C2CR07

  39. Trigger T3. . .events timing of signals (to beat accidentals) J. Ridky, C2CR07

  40. Trigger T3. . .events ~ 0.02 Hz • T3 triggers • 3ToT . . efficient trigger ~ 90% selected events • mostly ‘vertical’ showers • 4-fold coincidence of tanks within 6 km - • essential for horizontal showers, more noisy J. Ridky, C2CR07

  41. - 3ToT - 4C1 Trigger T3. . .events J. Ridky, C2CR07

  42. Triggeringevents trigger probability of a single tank - measured by a pair of close tanks J. Ridky, C2CR07

  43. Triggeringevents - Threshold or ToT - Threshold only  1018 eV  1020 eV J. Ridky, C2CR07

  44. Triggeringevents T3 0 : 30 : 98% for 1 : 3 : 10 EeV zenith angle < 45° LTP and LDF deduced from experiment by means of close tanks NKG formula J. Ridky, C2CR07

  45. Events J. Ridky, C2CR07

  46. Events J. Ridky, C2CR07

  47. Events J. Ridky, C2CR07

  48. Events . . . . reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to core location J. Ridky, C2CR07

  49. Events . . . . reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to missing tank J. Ridky, C2CR07

  50. Events . . . . reconstruction • uncertainty of S(1000) due to: • statistical uncertainties at S(1000) ~ 30 VEM • this corresponds to ~ 5·1018 eV are ~ 10% • due to LDF form < 4% • due to shower to shower fluctuations ≤ 10% • event sampling (missing tank ≤ 10%) • at ~ 3·1018 eVthe surface array fully efficient • trigger efficiency, pressure & temperature • dependence J. Ridky, C2CR07

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