Unit 9 Memory

1. Unit 9 Memory Day 1

2. DO THIS ACTIVITY ON YOUR OWN (no help from your neighbors!) & SILENTLY. Quickly! Name as many of the Seven Dwarfs as you can in the next two minutes. Be sure to provide seven names. Guess even if you’re sure you aren’t right. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. STOP & QUIETLY WAIT FOR THE ANSWERS.

4. Memory • Memory: persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information. • Gives us our sense of self and connects us to past experiences.

5. Memory and its 3 parts • Encoding: The process of putting things into storage • Storage: Short term and Long term (hippocampus and association areas) • Retrieval: The process of bringing a memory to one’s consciousness

6. Retrieval -Recall vs Recognition -Serial Position Effect -Forgetting Curve Long Term Memory -Unlimited -Explicit vs Implicit -Flashbulb, episodic, and semantic Sensory Memory -Iconic memory (.10 sec) -Echoic memory(3-4 sec) Short Term Memory -7+/- 2 items -Working memory -Working memory Encoding Encoding Selective Attention Semantic encoding Visual encoding Acoustic encoding Mnemonics Elaborate rehearsal Chunking

7. The Beginnings of a Memory • To become a memory, information must first be registered in sensory memory – • Stimuli must stand out and be selected for further processing • Two examples of sensory memory: • Iconic Memory (visual stimuli)- stays for tenths of seconds then refreshes • Echoic Memory (auditory stimuli)- stays for 3-4 seconds then refreshes • Sensory memory is difficult to measure because of how quickly it refreshes

8. George Sperling’s Experiment to Measure iconic memory • please visually select your attention on the following letters

10. Write down what you remember

11. **REMEMBER • Sensory memories disappear unless you focus your selective attention on the information. • Attention causes information to be further processed.

12. Initial Encoding • Occurs as soon as one selects attention on a stimulus • **Initial**Encoding: • The process of taking the selected stimulus and putting it into short term memory (via creating original neural connections) • neural connection will dissipate after 20 minutes if not reused.

13. 3 Ways we Encode with Selective attention • 1.Semantic Encoding: • Selecting attention on meaning and creating neural connections • yields best memory. • 2. Visual Encoding: • Selecting attention on appearance and creating neural connections • 3. Acoustic Encoding: • Selecting attention on sounds of words and creating neural connections • least effective.

14. Try to remember these numbers: 1271941200118611776149219141963

15. How confident are you that you correctly memorized all 31 numbers?

16. Now, try to remember these numbers: 1492 1776 1861 1914 12-7-1941 1963 2001

17. Which was easier? WHY?

18. Acoustic encoding • Let’s take a listen

19. Automatic Encoding Automatic vs Effortful Encoding • unconscious encoding of incidental information • space • time • frequency • well-learned information • Ex/word meanings • Parallel processing • Ex/ reading backwards

20. Automatic Encoding example • Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice becomes automatic. • .citamotua emoceb nac gnissecorp luftroffE • Automatic processing allows us to do multiple things at once and re-illustrates the concept of parallel processing • Our ability to consciously process several things at once, thus creating a whole

21. Effortful Encoding Automatic vs Effortful Encoding • type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. • Ex: Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc. • Can become automatic with repetition • Any examples?

22. Effortful Encoding Example • maintenance rehearsal: • simple repetition of information in consciousness OR • ex/ rehearsing your neurotransmitters • elaborate rehearsal: • processing of information for meaning (semantics) which can more easily help produce long term memories • Coming up with real world examples in your vocab notebook