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Place of Articulation. January 29, 2014. The Agenda. Due at 5 pm tonight: backwards name exercise! For Friday, there will be a transcription exercise on place of articulation. Hungarian and Bengali
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Place of Articulation January 29, 2014
The Agenda • Due at 5 pm tonight: backwards name exercise! • For Friday, there will be a transcription exercise on place of articulation. • Hungarian and Bengali • For Monday: provide both narrow + broad transcriptions of either American or British English sentences. • Your choice! • This is a graded homework exercise.
Moving On • Hitherto: rapidly running through the vocal tract • for English only • From here on out: • go back through the whole process in slow motion • building up our understanding of how speech sounds are made in the process… • for all the languages of the world. • Goal: get from what we know about articulation to acoustics • i.e., how speech sounds are transmitted through the air
Just So You Know • This (and most future lectures) will include sound samples from many different languages from around the world. • Sound files may be found at: • http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/index/sounds.html • http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/contents.html • And also on the Course in Phonetics CD
Consonant Dimensions: Summary [t] [j] Airstream Mechanism pulmonic egressive p.e. Phonation Type voiceless voiced Place of Articulation alveolar palatal Aperture stop approx. Retroflexion non-retroflex non-retro Nasality oral oral Laterality central central
Manner of Articulation • Phoneticians usually combine dimensions 4-7 under the rubric of manner of articulation. • Example manners of articulation: • [t] = (oral) stop • [n] = nasal stop • [v] = fricative • [w] = approximant • [l] = lateral approximant • = retroflex approximant • = affricate
Notes • Consonant sounds are generally assumed to be: • pulmonic egressive • oral • central • …unless stated otherwise • Big picture thought: • Through combinatorics, language makes a large number of distinctions out of a minimal number of articulatory gestures.
Back to the Big Picture • Through combinatorics… • languages can make a large number of distinctions out of a small number of articulatory dimensions • However--consider the gaps in the IPA chart • Not all combinations of gestures are possible • Not all combinations of gestures are likely • Why? • The dimensions interact • They’re based on physical realities • i.e., they are not abstract
Another Perspective • Note: all speech sounds involve the flow of air. • Articulation and acoustics are linked through aerodynamics • = the study of the flow of air (in speech sounds) • Aerodynamics can also limit the combinatorial possibilities of speech.
An Aerodynamic Exception • Stops • Stop the flow of air through the articulatory tract • How is this done? • By making an airtight seal between articulators • Are there some places in the articulatory tract where this is easier than others? • Try the tongue experiment. • An easy place: between the lips • A difficult (impossible?) place: between the teeth and lips
IPA Chart:Stops • You are already familiar with Bilabial, Alveolar, Velar • = the 3 most common places of articulation for stops • UPSID Database (in Maddieson’s Patterns of Sounds, 1984) • surveys 317 languages • 314 have bilabial stops (Wichita, Hupa, Aleut) • 316 have alveolar/dental stops (Hawaiian) • 315 have velar stops (Hupa, Kirghiz)
Palatal Stops • Peter says: • 59 languages in UPSID database have palatal stops • Palatals vs. Velars in Ngwo (spoken in Cameroon)
Also: Palatal Nasals • symbol: • not to be confused with the velar nasal: • PL: • Examples from Hungarian
Uvular Stops • Peter says: • 47 languages in UPSID database have uvular stops • Uvular nasal: • Peter, again: • Japanese: ‘Japan’
Quechua Contrasts • Quechua is spoken primarily in Bolivia and Peru.
Epiglottals, Glottals • There are no pharyngeal stops. • However, there is an epiglottal stop: • Peter says: • Check out Stefan’s epiglottis • There are also glottal stops: • As in English: “uh-oh”, “bottle”, “kitten” • More on these later
Epiglottals in Agul • Agul is spoken in Dagestan, near the Caspian Sea, in Russia • Note: no nasal pharyngeals, epiglottals, or glottals. • Why?
Back to the Coronals • Two parameters to consider here: • The active articulator • The tongue tip (apical) • The tongue blade (laminal) • The passive articulator or target • The upper lip (linguo-labial) • Between the teeth (interdental) • The upper teeth (dental) • The alveolar ridge (alveolar) • Behind the alveolar ridge (post-alveolar)
Coronal Basics • Coronal stops are usually dental or alveolar. • Dental stops are usually laminal • produced with the blade of the tongue • as is typical in, e.g., French, Spanish • Alveolar stops are usually apical • pronounced with the tip of the tongue • as is typical in English • Dental ~ Alveolar contrasts are rare, but they do exist.
Laminal Dentals • check out the labio-dental flap file
Yanyuwa Coronal Contrast • Yanyuwa is spoken in the Northern Territory of Australia • UPSID data-- • Languages with the following number of stop place contrasts: • 2 -- 2 3 -- 171 4 -- 103 • 5 -- 35 6 -- 6 <-- 5 of these languages are from Australia! • Yanyuwa has 7 stop place contrasts!
Retroflex Stops • Retroflex stops are produced in the post-alveolar region, by curling the tip of the tongue back. • Common in south Asian languages. • Peter says:
