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SSWH13 Examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans from the sixteenth century CE/AD to the late eighteenth century CE/AD.
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SSWH13 Examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic factors that changed the world view of Europeans from the sixteenth century CE/AD to the late eighteenth century CE/AD. . a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European worldview.
Copernicus(1500s) • Copernicus was a Polish astronomer and mathematician who founded the idea that the Earth rotated on it’s axis, and revolved around the Sun (heliocentric) • Popular belief was that the Earth was the center of the universe
Nicolaus Copernicus • Introduced the Heliocentric theory. • the earth was thought to be the center of the universe, rather than the sun. • The heliocentric theory held that sun was at the center of the universe. This was much different from geocentrism which held that the earth was thought to be the center of the universe, rather than the sun. • Scholars and clergy rejected this idea because it contradicted their teachings. • NicolausCopernicuswas one of the most influential scientists in World History. His Heliocentric theory displaced the widely-held notion that the Earth was the center of the universe. Unlike Galileo, he was never excommunicated
Copernicus • Fearing ridicule, he did not publish his findings until 1543, the last year of his life. • Future scientist would build on the foundations that he laid. • His book was entitled On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies.
Galileo (1560s-1640s) • Galileo was an Italian scientist who supported Copernicus’ heliocentric ideas • Discovered four moons around Jupiter and that the Earth’s moon’s surface was rough • His ideas led to the development of the scientific method
Galileo Galilei • Built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens. • Published a small book called the Starry Messenger. • discoveries: mountains on Earth’s moon, four moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots.
Galileo • Galileo supported the heliocentric theory, with his experiments concerning space and the use of the telescope to explore planetary movement. • The telescope was most helpful in proving Galileo's heliocentric theory • His teachings came into conflict with church teachings. • He was summoned to appear before the Pope Urban VIII. • Under threat of torture he agreed his findings were false. • He lived the rest of his life under house arrest. "Heresy" is a practice or belief that is contrary to the teachings of a religious authority. Galileo's conviction on heresy charges was brought about by the Catholic Church's belief that his theory of heliocentrism was contrary to the teachings in the Bible. Even though Galileo was a loyal Catholic, his punishment stood, showing one of the early conflicts between religion and science.
The Universe is like a clock, with its parts all working together perfectly in ways that can be expressed mathematically.God is the creator of this orderly universe. He is the clockmaker that set everything in motion. - Galileo The findings of Galileo frightened Catholic and Protestant leaders because his findings went against Church teaching and authority. Religious leaders were concerned that if people believed the church could be wrong about the geocentric theory, then the people could question other Church teachings. Galileo's work found that some of Aristotle's theories were wrong while Copernicus's heliocentric theory was true.
Kepler (1570s-1630s) • Kepler, a mathematician, showed that the planets traveled in an elliptical path around the sun instead of the widely believed circular path • Rather, the orbits were elliptical (egg-shaped), with the sun toward the end of the ellipse instead of at the center. • Ideas led to the development of the scientific method
Johannes Kepler • the Ptolemaic system, the universe is seen as a series of concentric spheres—oneinside the other. • Beyond the tenth sphere is Heaven, where God resides. God was at one end of the universe, then, and humans were at the center. • Concluded that mathematical laws govern planetary motion. • Showed that Copernicus’s basic ideas were true and could be proved by using math.
Sir Isaac Newton (1640s-1720s) • Newton, an English scientist, discovered the universal law of gravity • His law stated that the same principals governed gravity on both the earth and in the solar system • Sir Isaac Newton proved that the sun's gravity keeps the planets within their orbits. Newton's work did not cause a negative reaction from the Catholic Church because he believed that God made all of this work.
Sir Isaac Newton • Tried to prove that all physical objects were equally affected by the same forces. • He said the same force ruled the motion of the planets and all matter on earth and in space. • He came up with the Law of Universal Gravitation. Born in 1643, died in 1727
Law of Universal Gravitation • Sir Isaac Newton is generally considered the most influential scientist of all time. While he did not "discover" gravity by getting hit on the head with an apple, he did prove and explain it, and his laws of motion are known by students in science classes around the world. For example, his first law of motion states that a body at rest will stay at rest, and a body in motion will stay in motion, unless it is acted on by an external force. Sir Isaac Newton proved that the sun's gravity keeps the planets within their orbits. Every object in the universe attracts every other object. • The degree of attraction depends on the mass of the object and the distance between them. • Newton published his ideas in The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
The Scientific Revolution • All of these discoveries went against the teachings of the Catholic Church • Many scientists of the time period were pressured by the Church not to print their theories • These early scientists laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution where ideas were based on observation and fact and not on religious or ancient beliefs • As a general rule, the official stance of the Catholic Church at the beginning of the Scientific Revolution was that scientists should not question the word of God. • Reason and knowledge replaced superstition and fear during the era known as the Scientific Revolution. This new way of thought had a major impact on the way people viewed and understood the world around them • These men were part of an era in European history known as the Scientific Revolution.Galileo and Kepler were mathematicians as well as astrologers. They studied planetary motion. Copernicusdeveloped the theory that the planets rotated around the sun and Newton discovered the laws of gravity
Questions • 1. What scientific idea or theory did Copernicus introduce? What does this theory state? How did this theory contradict church teachings? • 2. Explain the discoveries of Galileo. What did his ideas lead to the development of? What did observations via the telescope consist of? • 3. Explain, in your own words, what you think the quote by Galileo means. • 4. What did Kepler discover about the orbits of the planetary bodies? What did these discoveries do for the research and work of Copernicus? • 5. What theory and discoveries did Sir Isaac Newton make to the world of science and mathematics? • 6. What did Newton set out to prove in his research? What universal law came as a result? • 7. What is the name Newton’s book, and what did the laws of gravity express? • 8. Discuss the drawbacks the Scientific Revolution have from the church, and what did this era of scientific research lay the groundwork for?
b. Identify the major ideas of the Enlightenment from the writings of Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau and their relationship to politics and society.
Enlightenment • Ideas of Enlightenment Thought: • The universe can be understood through reason • Human experience is the basis for understanding the truth • Religion has no place in the understanding of the physical universe
Locke believed people could learn and improve themselves through their experiences Believed in the idea that all people are born with 3 basic natural rights: life, liberty, and property and that the purpose of government is to protect these rights The idea that a government's power comes from the consent of the peopleis one political theory of John Locke What document do Locke’s ideas of natural rights appear in? John Locke (1630s-1700s)
John Locke (1630s-1700s) • Man being born with a title to perfect freedom, and enjoyment of all the rights and privileges of the law of nature, equally with any other man, hath by nature a power, not only to preserve his life, liberty and estate, against the injuries and attempts of other men; but to judge of, and punish the breaches of that law in others.-John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690 • John Locke's writing reflects the ideals of the Enlightenment in that men are created with equal rights and responsibilities under the law of nature. His idea of a social contract impacted later authors and the revolutions in America and France.
John Locke • Believed that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. • People have the natural ability to govern their own affairs and to look after the welfare of society. • Locke criticized absolute monarchy and advocated self-government.
Locke • According to Locke, all people are born free and equal, with three natural rights- life, liberty, and property. • The purpose of government is to protect these three rights. • If the government fails to do so, citizens have a right to overthrow it.
“Governments derive their power from the consent of the people”- John Locke "We should have a great many fewer disputes in the world if words were taken for what they are, the signs of our ideas only, and not for things themselves.“ John Locke Locke is extolling the virtues of the use of reasonto solve world problems.
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” Voltaire Used satire to attack the French government and clergy Fought for tolerance, reason, and the freedoms of religion and speech Voltaire believed religious toleration should be encouraged by all forms of government. While he could be very critical of organized religion, he believed governments should avoid dictating religion. Used his writings to defend his beliefs Voltaire’s ideas were fundamental in creating which document? Voltaire
Voltaire(Francois Marie Arouet) • Published more than 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. • His main targets were the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government. • He was twice sent to prison, and was exiled to England for two years.
Voltaire • Never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech. • He said humanities worst enemies were intolerance, prejudice, and superstition.
“ I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it” -Voltaire
Rousseau • Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he discussed the role of the people and government, and that all people were equal • His writings reflect Enlightenment ideals because he desired greater rights for common people. Along with John Locke and other Enlightenment writers, Rousseau's work had a great impact on the American and French Revolutions. • Called for the end of nobility which helped to spark the French Revolution • Jean-Jacques Rousseau emphasized equality and advocated that titles of nobility be removed. His ideas influenced the leaders of the French Revolution • Social contract theory- The political theory that people form governments for their mutual protection and that government rules only with the consent of those people • The works of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau both had a profound influence on The Declaration of Independence.
Jean Jacques Rousseau • Passionately committed to individual freedom. • Believed the only good government was one that was freely formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society- a direct democracy.
Rousseau’s direct democracy • People agree to give up some of their freedom in favor of the common good. • He explained this in his book The Social Contract. • Jean Jacques Rousseau believed in popular sovereignty. He felt there should be a limited government that worked purposefully for the citizens of the country
“ Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” -Rousseau Voltaire (French), Locke (British), and Rousseau (Swiss) all believed in more limited governments Rousseau also wrote that education should foster children’s natural instincts and that women should receive education on how to be mothers and wives
Homework Questions • According to enlightenment thinking, what is the basis for understanding truth? How did enlightenment thinkers view religion? • According to John Locke, what are the three basic natural of rights of the people? Where did government get it’s power according to John Locke? • According to Locke, what is the job of the government? What should the people do if the government does not do it’s ”job?” • Through his writings, what did Voltaire fight for? Who did he target in his writings? • What does the quote, “ I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it,” mean to you? • What is Rousseau famous for writing? What did he discuss in his writing? • What did Rousseau believe was the best form of government and why? • What did he call for the end of in France? What was this a spark for?
