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Biochemistry: Properties of Water and Organic Compounds

This biochemistry guide explains the properties of water and the four groups of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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Biochemistry: Properties of Water and Organic Compounds

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  1. Biochemistry

  2. Water • Properties of water: • Neutral compound, but.. • Polar: water molecules are attracted to other water molecules due to opposite charges • Ex: Water droplets • Cohesion: Same substances are attracted • Water is attracted to water • Adhesion: Different substances are attracted (water is attracted to something else) • Ex: Water droplets on your car windshield

  3. Biochemistry • Carbon compounds= Organic compounds • Large molecules (polymers) that are formed by small molecules (monomer) • Water is removed to join monomers to make polymers-dehydrationsynthesis • De-without hydra=water synthesis= to make • 4 groups of Organic Compounds: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  4. Carbohydrates • Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio • Main source of energy in the body • Immediate energy-breakdown sugars. • Sugar that is stored is starch (complex carbohydrate) • Three types of carbohydrates: • Monosaccharide: Simple sugar • Disaccharide: Double sugar • Polysaccharide: Many sugars

  5. Monosaccharide • One sugar mono=one • Glucose= blood sugar • Fructose= fruit sugar • Galactose=dairy sugar • All C6H12O6 isomers • Isomer: Have the same empirical formula but different structural formulas galactose fructose Glucose

  6. Disaccharide • Double sugar di=double • Sucrose (table sugar) • Lactose (milk sugar) • Maltose (malt sugar) • All C12H22O11 isomers

  7. Polysaccharides • Many sugars poly=many • (C6H10O5)nn=number of molecules • Starches: Storage products of plants • Glycogen: Animal starch. Used for muscle contraction • Cellulose: In the cell walls of plants • Serves as roughage (fiber)

  8. Lipids • Contain C, H, O in a greater than 1:2:1 ratio • Lots of energy stored here! • Stores energy efficiently (large number of C to H bonds) • Make up biological membranes, and waterproof coverings. • Are hydrophobic (scared of water) • Common lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and steroids

  9. Building blocks (monomers) of lipids: glycerol and fatty acids glycerol + 3 fatty acids fat + 3 waters

  10. Proteins • Contain C, H, O, N • Control rates of reactions, regulate cell processes • Building blocks (monomers) – amino acids -20 different amino acids

  11. Bonds that hold proteins together are called peptide bonds • Two amino acids bonding- dipeptide • More than two amino acids bonding-polypeptide • poly= many

  12. H H O N C C H R OH NH2 = amino group COOH = carboxyl group Random Group

  13. How amino acids bond: Amino Acid + + ---- Protein + H2O Amino Acid Amino Acid

  14. Enzymes • Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up or slow down chemical reactions that take place in cells • Lower activation energy • -The amount of energy needed to start the reaction • Very specific – may act on only one kind of chemical reaction (Lock and Key Hypothesis)

  15. enzyme-substrate complex = enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react. - “Lock and Key” model substrate – material acted upon- Products of reaction active site – where enzyme and substrate fit together enzyme

  16. Enzyme and substrate fit together until the reaction is over Substrate Enzyme

  17. When the reaction is over, the products of the reaction is released, and the enzyme is free to start the process all over again http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/proteins/enzsub.html Substrate Enzyme

  18. Nucleic Acids • Contain C, H, O, N, P • Controls the synthesis (creation) of proteins • Store and transmit genetic information • Monomers are nucleotides

  19. 2 kinds of nucleic acids • DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid • Controls genetic traits • RNA – ribonucleic acid • Helps make proteins

  20. Testing for Organic Molecules Lab

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