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Human Excretory System

Human Excretory System. Major Excretory Organs. Lungs Large Intestine Kidneys Liver Skin (Integument). Lungs and Large Intestine. Lungs remove carbon dioxide from the blood Large Intestine removes solid waste (feces) from the body. Kidneys. Primary organ of the excretory system

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Human Excretory System

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  1. Human Excretory System

  2. Major Excretory Organs • Lungs • Large Intestine • Kidneys • Liver • Skin (Integument)

  3. Lungs and Large Intestine • Lungs remove carbon dioxide from the blood • Large Intestine removes solid waste (feces) from the body

  4. Kidneys • Primary organ of the excretory system • Filters soluble waste products from the blood stream • Major renal vein and renal artery carries blood to and from the kidney • Major regions of the kidney include the cortex (outer layer) and medulla (inner core)

  5. Kidney (Renal) Anatomy

  6. Major Filtering Unit of the Kidney is called the Nephron The Nephron takes out wastes from the blood and returns needed chemicals back to the bloodstream. The waste (dissolved in water) is collected and transported to the ureter.

  7. Major Urinary Waste Products • Ammonia (NH3) is in the form of Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) • Ammonium hydroxide raises the pH of the blood and needs to be eliminated • Ammonium hydroxide is converted to urea (major) and uric acid (minor). • Urea and uric acid are excreted in the urine

  8. What Happens to the Urine? • Urine passes through the two ureters and collects in the urinary bladder • Urine leaves the bladder by both involuntary and voluntary control mechanisms • Urine leaves the urinary bladder by the urethra and is eliminated from the body

  9. Excretory System Pathologies • Nephritis can be caused by bacterial infections or an autoimmune disorder; bloody urine and low urine output are symptoms • Nephrosis results in large molecules being lost in the urine and results in swelling throughout the body • Urinary tract infections occur in the urinary bladder and urethra and can normally treated by antibiotics (women more prone to urinary tract infections) • Kidney stones (different types) accumulate in the kidney and cannot be passed through the urinary tract easily; kidney stones are either passed with significant pain or are surgically removed • Gout is a condition where uric acid cannot be adequately excreted and builds up in the body where it is deposited into joints resulting in inflammation

  10. Liver • Removes excess amino acids from the blood (amino acids are the molecules that make up protein) and converts them to urea which is excreted by the kidneys. • Liver also breaks down hemoglobin from old RBCs to form bile (bile helps break down fats). • Bacteria from the large intestine are also cleared by the liver.

  11. Skin (Integument) • Composed of two main layers (epidermis and dermis) • Also contains hair, nails, sweat glands, and oil (sebaceous) glands • Sweat glands get rid of excess salts, urea, and water (about 0.5 liters per day) • Evaporation of sweat also helps the body to keep cool (evaporative cooling)

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