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Refer also to: http ://intranet.bishops.za/Biology/LifeSciences12/HumanReproduction.htm

HUMAN REPRODUCTION Refer to CAPS document and Exam guidelines USE CORRECT TERMINOLOGY AS STATED IN THE EXAM GUIDELINES. Refer also to: http ://intranet.bishops.org.za/Biology/LifeSciences12/HumanReproduction.htm.

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Refer also to: http ://intranet.bishops.za/Biology/LifeSciences12/HumanReproduction.htm

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  1. HUMAN REPRODUCTIONRefer to CAPS document and Exam guidelinesUSE CORRECT TERMINOLOGY AS STATED IN THE EXAM GUIDELINES Refer also to: http://intranet.bishops.org.za/Biology/LifeSciences12/HumanReproduction.htm

  2. Review the schematic outline of the human life cycle to show the role of meiosis, mitosis and fertilisation

  3. Structure of the male reproductive system • Identify and state the functions of the testis, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory ducts, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland  and urethra 

  4. Structure of the female reproductive systemIdentify and state the functions of the ovary, Fallopian tubes, uterus with uterine wall lined by endometrium, cervix, vagina and its external opening, the vulva

  5. Puberty • Define : Primary sexual characteristics& Secondary sexual characteristics • List the main changes that occur in male characteristics during puberty under the influence of testosterone Testosterone is an androgen that is increasingly produced throughout puberty in males. This is linked to development of secondary sex characteristics (external genitals, increased height, weight, and voice development, upper body strength, pubic hair growth, etc.) • List the main changes that occur in female characteristics during puberty under the influence of oestrogen Oestrogen increases during puberty in females. As increases occur, breast and uterine development begin, menstrual cycles begin and stabilize, and height, weight gains, etc. occur.

  6. Gametogenesis: 2n cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes • Spermatogenesis: the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced by meiosis in the 2n germinal epithelium of the testes • GUIDELINES • Diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testes undergo meiosis • to form haploid sperm cells • DETAIL • Describe spermatogenesis as follows: • Epithelial cells (2n) in the testes undergo mitosis to form diploid spermatocytes • Each diploid spermatocyte in the seminiferous tubules of the testes undergoes meiosis • Four (4) haploid spermatids are formed • Each spermatid matures to form a haploid spermatozoan

  7. Gametes* Structure of sperm cell and function of each part (acrosome, head with haploid nucleus, middle portion with mitochondria and a tail)* Structure and function of different parts of an ovum (layer of jelly, haploid nucleus, cytoplasm)

  8. Oogenesis: the process by which haploid egg cells or ova are produced by meiosis in the diploid germinal epithelium of the ovaries Describe oogenesis as follows: • Diploid cells in the ovary undergo meiosis • to form a primary follicle consisting of haploid cells • One cell develops into an ovum contained in a Graafian follicle

  9. Oogenesis to learn What:Oogenesis is the formation of an ovum (egg cell or female gamete) by meiosis in the ovary FROM GUIDELINES Describe oogenesis as follows: Follicles (2n) in the ovary undergo meiosis to form a primary follicle consisting of haploid cells One cell develops into an ovum contained in a Graafianfollicle (other 3 cells die) Ovum is released when Graafian follicle bursts at the edge of the ovary during ovulation Ovum goes into the Fallopian tube Why: Haploid ova are formed by meiosis so that the diploid number of chromosomes will be restored when fertilisation has taken place; it allows for sexual reproduction to occur.

  10. Ovum • Identify and state the functions of the different parts of an ovum (cell membrane, layer of jelly, haploid nucleus, cytoplasm)

  11. Menstrual cycle – exam guidelines • State that the menstrual cycle includes the uterine and ovarian cycles • Describe the following events in the ovarian cycle • Development of the Graafian follicle • Ovulation • Formation of the corpus luteum • Describe the following events in the uterine cycle • Changes that take place in the thickness of the endometrium • Menstruation • Describe the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle (ovarian and uterine cycles) with reference to the action of  FSH,  oestrogen, LH and progesterone • Describe the negative feedback mechanism involving FSH and progesterone in controlling the production of ova

  12. The unfertilized egg lives for only a day or so. It travels along the fallopian tube, where fertilization may occur if sperm are present. If the egg is fertilized, it will become implanted in the lining of the uterus. If it is not fertilized, the prepared endometrial lining is shed, passing out through the vagina in menstruation. Eggs are produced in the ovaries Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, after which the zygote passes to the uterus. LA Ovulation and Implantation • Eggs (or ova) are produced by the ovaries and are released at ovulation. Frontal section of uterus and reproductive structures.

  13. The Menstrual Cycle • Females are sexually receptive throughout the year and may mate at any time. The periodicity of the reproductive cycle is about 28 days. • The uterine lining thickens in preparation for pregnancy. • If fertilization of an ovum does not take place, this lining is shed as a discharge through the vagina. • This event, called menstruation, characterizes the human reproductive or menstrual cycle. Days 26-28 Full degradation of uterine lining leading to menstruation Days 1-7 Menstruation Days 18 - 25 Corpus luteum regresses and uterine lining begins to break down Days 8 - 11 Thickening of the uterine lining Days 12-15 Ovulation

  14. OvaryIn a section through the ovary, identify and state the functions of: follicles at various stages of development; the Graafian follicle and the corpus luteum

  15. Corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone secretion stops, and the uterine lining breaks down The Ovarian Cycle • The Graafian follicle continues to grow and then (around day 14) ruptures to release the egg (ovulation). • LH causes the ruptured follicle to develop into the corpus luteum (yellow body). • The corpus luteum secretes progesterone which: • promotes full development of the uterine lining • maintains the embryo in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy • inhibits the development of more follicles. Ovulation; the follicle ruptures to release the egg. The egg may be fertilized. Follicle surrounding the egg grows in response to FSH Day of cycle Follicular phase Menstruation, follicle development Ovulatory phase Ovulation Luteal phase Formation of corpus luteum

  16. The uterine lining breaks down because fertilization did not occur The Uterine Cycle • If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum breaks down. • As a consequence of this, progesterone secretion declines, causing the uterine lining to be shed, (menstruation). • If the egg is fertilized, high progesterone levels maintain the thickened uterine lining. • The placenta takes over from the corpus luteum completely by twelve weeks, nourishing the fetus for the remainder of the gestation. Lining vascular and glandular Menstruation Growth of uterine lining Day of cycle Follicular phase Menstruation, follicle development Ovulatory phase Ovulation Luteal phase Formation of corpus luteum

  17. Menstrual cycle - hormones

  18. Menstrual cycle - graphs Ovarian cycle: Development of the Graafian follicle Ovulation Formation of the corpus luteum Uterine cycle: Changes that take place in the thickness of the endometrium Menstruation Describe the hormonal control of the menstrual cycle (ovarian and uterine cycles) with reference to the action of  FSH,  oestrogen, LH and progesterone Describe the negative feedback mechanism involving FSH and progesterone in controlling the production of ova

  19. Fertilisation Define copulation and fertilisation State where and describe how fertilisation occurs • Copulation: to engage in sexual intercourse when the penis is inserted into the vagina to ensure that internal fertilisation takes place • Fertilisation: the fusion of the nucleus of a sperm cell with the nucleus of a ovum to form a diploid zygote. • Takes place in the fallopian tube • Diagram shows HOW fertilisation occurs

  20. Development of zygote to blastocyst Describe the following development: zygote, morula, blastocyst and embryoDefine implantation

  21. Gestation Identify and state the functions of the following parts of the developing embryo/foetus:Chorion and chorionic villiAmnion, amniotic cavity and amniotic fluidUmbilical cord  (including umbilical artery and umbilical vein) Placenta 

  22. Gestation - hormonesState the role of oestrogen and progesterone in maintaining pregnancy

  23. Birth Name the three stages of the natural birth process (labour, expulsion of baby, release of the afterbirth)

  24. Sources • https://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopicSeg&topic_id=130&seg_id=2553 • http://www.biologymad.com/StudentsWork/12%20-%20reproduction%20notes.pdf • http://cmapspublic3.ihmc.us/rid=1176137451078_1698409206_12354/Human%20Life%20Cycle.jpg • http://wps.prenhall.com/chet_rice_terminolog_2/3/778/199270.cw/index.html • http://www.bio.davidson.edu/Courses/Molbio/MolStudents/spring2005/Champaloux/fertilization.jpg • http://stemcells.nih.gov/StaticResources/info/scireport/images/figurea2.jpg • http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/womens_health_issues/normal_pregnancy/stages_of_development_of_the_fetus.html • http://www.andrologyaustralia.org/pageContent.asp?pageCode=MALEREPROD#MALEREPRODEJAC • www.mhhe.com/.../sex/common/ibank/set-6.htm • http://www.shinesa.org.au/go/information-and-resources/choose-a-topic/pregnancy/stages-of-pregnancy-and-birth • http://www3.uakron.edu/witt/adol/biology.htm • http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/vlab/Other_exps/endo/images/HCGlevels.gif

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