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African Contributions – 01 Week 09 Lecture 01 Africa’s Problems and Lessons of the Sahel

Montclair State University Department of Anthropology Anth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World Dr. Richard W. Franke. African Contributions – 01 Week 09 Lecture 01 Africa’s Problems and Lessons of the Sahel

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African Contributions – 01 Week 09 Lecture 01 Africa’s Problems and Lessons of the Sahel

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  1. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions – 01 Week 09 Lecture 01 Africa’s Problems and Lessons of the Sahel This lecture was last updated on 01 November, 2013 and 23 October, 2015

  2. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Africa’s Problems and Lessons of the Sahel The learning objectives for week 09 part 01 are: • to understand some of the major problems faced today by African people • to appreciate the environmental wisdom of certain traditional African farmers and animal herders

  3. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Africa’ Problems and Lessons of the Sahel Terms you should know for week 09 part 01are: • Sahel • Fulani • Serer • Senegal • Sahara

  4. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World: Dr. Richard W. Franke Africa’s Problems and Lessons of the Sahel Week 09 Lecture 01 Sources: 2013/2015 Updates Franke, Richard W. 1987. Power, class and traditional knowledge in Sahel food production. In Studies in Power and Class in Africa, edited by Irving L. Markovitz. New York: Oxford University Press, pages 257–85. [This essay contains an extensive and detailed bibliography of the sources used in the lecture.] Franke, Richard W. , and Barbara H. Chasin. 1980. Seeds of Famine: Ecological Destruction and the Development Dilemma in the West African Sahel. Totowa, NJ: Allanheld/Osmun. United Nations Development Program. 2006. Human Development Report 20005: International Development at a Crossroads. New York: Oxford University Press. United Nations Development Program. 2013. Human Development Report 2013 – The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. New York. UNDP. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2013/download/ United Nations Development Program. 2014. Human Development Report 2014. Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and and Building Resilience. Table 15, Population Trends. Pages 216 – 219. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/2014-human-development-report.html United Nations Development Program. 2012. Africa Human Development Report 2012: Towards a Food Secure Future. New York: United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Africa . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2015. World at War: UNHCR Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2014. Global Trends 2014. Geneva, Switzerland. UNHCR. Pages 3 and 15. .http://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html Worldwatch Institute. 2011. 2011 State of the World: Innovations That Nourish the Planet. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.

  5. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions • Past two classes discussed ancient Egyptian contributions to Western world.

  6. African Contributions 2. Egypt part of Africa Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  7. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 3. Focus on Egypt justified by the spectacular remains from the time of the pharaohs…but… 4. …Rest of Africa sometimes neglected because of it.

  8. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 5. This week and next week we will examine several African contributions to the modern world that come from “Sub-Saharan” Africa, also known as “Black Africa.”

  9. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 6. Many Americans seem to know little about Africa so let’s learn a few basic facts.

  10. African Contributions 7. Where is Africa? Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  11. African Contributions 8. How big is Africa? 9. About 3x the size of the U. S., 3x the size of China, or 3x the size of Europe. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  12. African Contributions 10. Where is Black Africa? Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  13. African Contributions 11. Sahara Desert 12. Sahel = Arabic word for “border” 13. South of the Sahara Desert all of Africa is considered “Black Africa” Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  14. 2013/15 Update How Many Black Africans Are There? 14. Population of Sub-Saharan Africa in 2012/2013 about 852.5/888.2 million or 12% of world total or almost 2.7x/2.8x the United States population of 315.8/320.1 million in 2012/2013. Source for figures in red: United Nations Development Program. 2013. Human Development Report 2013: The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. New York: UNDP. Table 14 – Population Trends, pages 194—197. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2013/download/ Source for figures in black: United Nations Development Program. 2014. Human Development Report 2014. Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. Table 15, Population Trends. Pages 216 – 219. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/2014-human-development-report.html Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  15. How many Black African Countries Are There? 15. At least 44. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  16. How many Black African Countries Are There? 15a. It is therefore NOT CORRECT to refer to “Africa” as “a country.” Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  17. Black African Countries Most of these countries emerged from European colonial rule in the 1950s to 1960s. Ethiopia (Abyssinia) is the main exception. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  18. Black African Countries 18. Ethiopia had been connected to Egyptian history for centuries thru Kush and Nubia and later thru the Coptic (Egyptian and Ethiopian) Christian Church. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  19. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Black Africa in Human Pre-History 19. Black Africa is the origin of the human species. 20. All currently available scientific evidence points clearly to this conclusion.

  20. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Black Africa in Human Pre-History 21. You can learn the details about this important scientific discovery in several of our anthropology courses. 22. And, yes…

  21. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Black Africa in Human Pre-History 23. As you properly conclude, we are all descendents of Black African people. 24. There is much debate and disagreement about the timing and about the relationships of various other human groups that evolved as Africans moved into other continents.

  22. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke 2013/2015 Update Black (Sub-Saharan) Africa Today (2012/2013 figures) 25. Sub-Saharan Africa today is the world’s poorest region: • Annual per capita income = $2,010/$3,153 vs world avg of $10,184/$13,723 and US avg of $43,480/$52,308 • Life expectancy at birth = 54.9/56.8 yrs vs world avg of 70.1/70.8 and US 78.7/78.9yrs Source for the figures in red: United Nations Development Program. 2013. Human Development Report 2013 – The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World. New York. UNDP. Table 1, Pages 144, 147.Source for figures in black: United Nations Development Program. 2014. Human Development Report 2014. Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. Table 1: Human Development Index and Its Components. Pages 160 – 63. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/hdr/2014-human-development-report.html

  23. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Africa Today 25a. African health crisis: 2011 update • 27% of Africans are considered “hungry,” compared with 14% of people worldwide; • 90% of Africa’s food comes from small farmers compared with 70% worldwide; • 28% of African children are underweight compared with 24% worldwide. • Per capita value added output of agriculture between 1961 and 2006 increased worldwide by 35% but decreased in Africa by 12%. Source:Worldwatch Institute. 2011. 2011 State of the World: Innovations That Nourish the Planet. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. page 11

  24. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Fall 2013 Update In 2012 the United Nations Development Program issued a special report on African development…

  25. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Fall 2013 Update With statistics from 2008-2010… Source: UNDP 2012. Africa Human Development Report 2012: Towards a Food Secure Future. New York. United Nations Development Program Regional Bureau for Africa.

  26. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Fall 2013 Update 47% of rural Africans have access to safe drinking water versus 80% in Latin America and The Caribbean 33% of Africans have access to electricity versus 93% in Latin America and The Caribbean Source: UNDP 2012. Africa Human Development Report 2012: Towards a Food Secure Future. New York. United Nations Development Program Regional Bureau for Africa. Table 2.2, page 38.

  27. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Africa Today 26. African health crisis • Tuberculosis cases per 100,000 persons = 487 vs world avg of 240 • Infant mortality rate = 105 vs world avg of 54 Source: UNDP 2012. Africa Human Development Report 2012: Towards a Food Secure Future. New York. United Nations Development Program Regional Bureau for Africa. Table 09, page 249.

  28. 28. According to the BBC in the year 2000 71% of AIDS cases were in Africa Africa Today 27. Sub-Saharan Africa is the center of the AIDS crisis worldwide Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/africa/2000/aids_in_africa/default.stm Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  29. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Africa Today 29. 6,000 African children die of AIDS every day, or one every 15 seconds. 30. But several countries such as Senegal have almost no AIDS at all.

  30. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Africa Today 31. Africa’s current poverty and underdevelopment can be largely explained by the devastating effects of three factors: • three centuries of the slave trade, • a century of colonialism, • recent wars and the refugee problem to which they contribute.

  31. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Africa Recently: Wars and Refugees 31. In 2006, with just 12% of the world’s people, Africa harbored 23% of its refugees: • 2.2 million people living in camps, often with little access to food and water • Darfur and Somalia are two such situations Source: UNDP. 2007. Human Development Report 2007/08: Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan. Table 26, page 321.

  32. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke The World Refugee Crisis: 2015 Update 31a. In previous years, the previous slide 31expressed the oversized role of Africa in generating AND harboring a big share of the world’s refugees. This is still the case, but developments in 2013 and 2014 have created a refugee problem unlike any since World War II…

  33. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke The World Refugee Crisis: 2015 Update 31b. On June 18, 2015, the United Nations High Commissioner for refugees reported that the world now has nearly 60 million refugees, a number approximately equal to the entire population of Great Britain. Sources: http://www.unhcr.org/558193896.html https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/new-un-report-says-worlds-refugee-crisis-is-worse-than-anyone-expected/2015/06/17/a49c3fc0-14ff-11e5-8457-4b431bf7ed4c_story.html

  34. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke 31c. The Syria, Iraq and Ukraine wars have exploded on the world refugee scene. Source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/new-un-report-says-worlds-refugee-crisis-is-worse-than-anyone-expected/2015/06/17/a49c3fc0-14ff-11e5-8457-4b431bf7ed4c_story.html

  35. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western World: Dr. Richard W. Franke The World Refugee Crisis: 2015 Update 31d. But Africa remains a major center of refugee concern… Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2015. World at War: UNHCR Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2014. Global Trends 2014. Geneva, Switzerland. UNHCR. Page 3. http://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html

  36. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke The World Refugee Crisis: 2015 Update 31e. When numbers of refugees are compared with the resources of the receiving countries, African nations show up as hosting thousands without adequate resources – 8 of the 10 nations with the least per capita resources are in Africa. Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). 2015. World at War: UNHCR Global Trends. Forced Displacement in 2014. Global Trends 2014. Geneva, Switzerland. UNHCR. Page 15. .http://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html

  37. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Africa Today 33. In contrast to its current poverty and underdevelopment, Africa outside of Egypt in the past was the site of highly developed civilizations making important contributions to the modern world in art, science, mathematics, architecture, crops and medicine

  38. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 34. We should not romanticize Africa’s past but neither should we allow present circumstances to cloud our appreciation for the many contributions of its people

  39. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Not Out of Egypt: Some Black African Contributions to the Western World 35. Sustainable agricultural practices – see later in these slides 36. Many of the most expressive words and phrases in American slang – later in this class

  40. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke Not Out of Egypt: Some Black African Contributions to the Western World 37. Vaccination (also possibly from China) – later this class in Lecture 02 38. Anti-malaria medicines – later this class in Lecture 02

  41. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 39. Coffee – see the lecture slides for week 12 40. African rice – first major commercial crop of the Columbian Exchange – see the lecture for week 11

  42. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 41. Other foods – • Sorghum • African palm • Okra • Yams • Black-eyed peas

  43. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 42. Many of the major rhythms of modern classical and popular music 43. The blues scale – a unique musical invention that provides the melodic basis of blues, jazz and rock ‘n roll

  44. African Contributions Green dot shows location of Great Zimbabwe temple ruins→ Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  45. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 44. First some sustainable food production systems from Africa. 45. These come from research I conducted personally with Barbara H. Chasin of the MSU Sociology Dept.

  46. African Contributions 46. And a study I did for a seminar with Prof. Markovitz of City Univ of New York Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  47. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke African Contributions 47. “Power and Class and Traditional Knowledge in Sahel Food Production” is the assigned reading for this week. To access it click here.

  48. The Sahel Famine 48. That essay is an extension of some unexpected findings from our larger study on the great Sahel drought and famine of 1968 – 1974… Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke

  49. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke The Sahel Famine 49. …in which more than 100,000 people died…possibly 250,000 50. The world set up a large-scale recovery program…but they ignored the local knowledge of the Sahelian people.

  50. Montclair State University Department of AnthropologyAnth 140: Non Western Contributions to the Western WorldDr. Richard W. Franke The Sahel Famine 51. We got the idea for our book from Montclair State students who had organized fund raising dinners to raise money to help the Sahel victims in the early 1970s.

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