ELCM-254 Common Safety Practices

1. ELCM-254Common Safety Practices �prgodin @ gmail.com Updated Jan 2012 1

2. Safety Section 1 2

3. Safety Safety is a critical part of the workflow process. Safety affects everyone and is everyone�s responsibility: Employer Worker Contractor Visitor Owner There is legislation to help protect people and property but ultimately it is the responsibility of all parties to recognize and address unsafe conditions. 3

4. Safety is this Important Bill C-45 became Federal law on March 31, 2004 and is now Section 2.17.1 in the Canadian Criminal Code. "2.17.1 Every one who undertakes, or has the authority, to direct how another person does work or performs a task is under a legal duty to take reasonable steps to prevent bodily harm to that person, or any other person, arising from that work or task.� The law imposes serious penalties for violations of workplace health and safety. If an injury or death is as a result of ignorance of safety processes or a failure to take proper steps to maintain a safe environment then organizations, corporations and persons directing the work may be held criminally liable. A conviction carries serious fines and/or jail time. 4

5. Safety is also this Important In Alberta the provincial and federal legislation is enforced by Workplace Health & Safety, a division of the Human Resources and Employment department. WH&S officers have the right to: enter any workplace without advanced notice inspect the premises/workplace take statements from workers take samples of materials make copies of documents They can close the work site if they feel there is imminent danger, they can demand additional training for personnel at the workplace or lay charges. Anyone involved can be charged, including part-time and full-time employees, owners, managers, etc. Fines for first offence may be as high as $500,000 and six months in jail. Fines for subsequent offences may be as high as $1,000,000 and two years in jail. 5

6. Alberta Government is Serious about Safety Regarding penalties for workplace safety violations (CBC news): �Alberta courts fined companies more than $3.4 million in 2011 for ignoring safety regulations and leaving workers hurt or dead. The amount doubles the $1.7 million collected in 2010.� Regarding Workplace deaths (CBC News): �The Alberta Federation of Labour says 2010 was a deadly year with 136 workplace-related deaths in the province, up from 110 deaths in 2009.� The Alberta Government vows to step up efforts in getting the message out to employees and employers that this is unacceptable. See http://employment.alberta.ca/SFW/6750.html 6

7. Organizations for Workplace Safety (1) WHS: Workplace Health and Safety A provincial organization that promotes safe working environments. WHS Officers enforce any violations of Provincial or Federal safety regulations, including: WHMIS: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System OHSA: Occupational Health and Safety Act CLC: Canadian Labour Code Bill C-12 amended the CLC to define a balance of responsibilities for OH&S between governments, employers and employees. WCB: Worker�s Compensation Board. A provincially operated organization that helps injured workers, investigate workplace accidents and can make safety recommendations. 7

8. Organizations for Workplace Safety (2) TDG: Transportation of Dangerous Goods Federal Transportation Department maintains the TDG Act. Municipal and Provincial Laws Fire regulations Permits and Licences Canadian Electrical Code (CEC) CSA: Canadian Standards Association Recommends safety standards and maintains testing facilities for certification to those standards. 8

9. Managing Safety and Risks Managing Safety and Risks on a job site can be complex. Managers, supervisors and contractors must regularly meet to discuss safety issues, and pass this information to everyone that may be exposed to risks. Some sites have full-time safety officers. Employees are often required to take safety training such as WHMIS. Many organizations maintain an Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS) as part of their risk management approach to workplace safety. 9

10. Hazards Categories There are 5 areas of hazards: Physical Environmental, Equipment, Noise Chemical Any compound that may cause physical harm to respiration, skin, digestive system, hearing, sight, etc Biological Contamination from biological sources such as molds, viruses, etc. Harm caused by animals directly or indirectly. Ergonomic Repetitive stress, materials handling Psychosocial Psychological stress, fatigue, violence, impairment 10

11. More Information For more information: Health Canada: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca CCOHS: http://www.ccohs.ca/ Videos: http://www2.worksafebc.com/Publications/Multimedia/Videos.asp?ReportID=35133 11

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13. PPE: Personal Protective Equipment Section 2 13

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15. When to use PPE PPE should be considered the last line of defence against workplace hazards. Efforts must first be made to reduce or eliminate the workplace hazard. PPE should be utilized if any safety risk remains. 15

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24. Headwear U.S. statistics indicate that most workers who suffered impact injuries to the head were not wearing head protection. The majority of workers were injured while performing their normal jobs at the regular worksites. 24

25. Head Protection Canadian and U.S. standards say that head protection must: Protect against penetration Penetration protection is built into the shell of the hat Absorb the shock of a blow (impact protection) Shock protection is built into the lining that keeps the shell away from the head Some hard hats have electrical shock protection 25

26. Electrical Protection CSA Class G � General usage: impact protection; penetration protection; non-conducting � passes dielectric-strength test of 2,200V (comparable to ANSI Class A) CSA Class E � Electrical trades: impact protection; penetration protection; non-conducting � passes dielectric-strength test of 20,000V (comparable to ANSI Class B) CSA Class C � Conducting headwear: impact protection; penetration protection. No voltage protection (comparable to ANSI Class C) 26

27. Confirm: Hardhat meets Requirements By Canadian and U.S. standards, you � the wearer � can look inside the shell of the hard hat for the manufacturer, the protection class designation, and the CSA and/or ANSI certification marks. 27

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29. Respiratory Protective Equipment Need for RPE must be evaluated If respiratory protective equipment is used at the work site, the employer must prepare a code of practice governing selection, maintenance and use. Respiratory protective equipment must be approved by NIOSH or an agency approved by a Director of Occupational Hygiene. The approval extends to the entire respirator assembly and accessories. Mixing and matching accessories will void the approval. Respiratory protective equipment must be selected in accordance with the CSA Standard Z94.4-02, Selection, Use and Care of Respirators. 29

30. Fit Testing of Respiratory Protective Equipment Respiratory protective equipment that depends on an effective facial seal for its use must be fit tested in accordance with the CSA Standard Z94.4-02 or a method approved by a Director of Occupational Hygiene. CSA Standard requires all respirators that are tight fitting to be fit tested Worker must be medically fit to wear the respirator and be clean shaven at the time of fit testing where the respirator seals to the face Other protective equipment that will be worn with the respirator must also be worn during fit testing A user seal check may not be used as a substitute for a qualitative or quantitative fit test Competency of the fit tester Assigned protection factors 30

31. Coveralls and other Torso Protection Hazards to the torso include Heat & splashes from hot metals and liquids Impacts & cuts Acids Radiation The range of torso protection includes Vests & Jackets Aprons Coveralls & Full body suits 31

32. Torso Protection - cont�d Wool & specially treated cotton - respond well to changing temperatures; comfortable and fire-resistant. Duck (a closely woven cotton fibre) � good for light-duty protective clothing. It can protect against cuts and bruises. Leather � offers heat resistance and can guard against dry heat and flame. Rubber, rubberized fabrics, neoprene, plastics � offer protection against some acids and chemicals 32

33. Torso Protection � cont�d Refer to the manufacturers� selection guides to choose the right protection for the right job. This is true for torso protection, as well as all other PPE. 33

34. Footwear Footwear protects you from Falling & rolling objects Sharp objects Molten metal Surfaces that are hot, wet, or slippery Protective footwear ranges from Footguards (fiberglass or steel guards that slip over �normal� shoes) Shoes that range in style from workboots, hiking boots, rubber boots, casual shoes, and more. 34

35. Footwear � cont�d The CSA standard for footwear includes Toe impact resistance (�steel toes�) � mandatory Grade I � 125 Joules Grade II � 90 Joules Grade III � 60 Joules Sole penetration protection � optional * Electric shock resistance � optional * Static dissipative footwear � optional * 35

36. Footwear � cont�d Different CSA marks denote different types of protection. The following slides are courtesy of Kodiak boots (www.kodiakboots.com) When choosing footwear, look for the CSA symbol, or combination of symbols, on the boot that matches the hazards of your environment. 36

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39. Hand & Arm Protection Just like the torso, hands and arms are exposed to similar hazards: Burns, cuts, and chemical splashes Electrical shock Amputation Just as with other PPE, a range of styles of protection for hands and arms exist: Gloves & mitts Hand pads Sleeves 39

40. Hand & Arm Protection � cont�d Again, gloves and sleeves are rated to protect from these hazards alone and in combination. Check manufacturers� selection guides to determine the suitable glove for your job. Electricians need special protection from shocks and burns Rubber is considered the best material this hazard. 40

41. Hand & Arm Protection � cont�d CSA has a standard for insulating gloves and mitts used for protection from electric shock. Gloves & mitts may be designated as Type I � non-resistant to ozone Type II � resistant to ozone In addition, there are five classes of gloves, each with differing electrical characteristics. Class 0, Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, and Class 4. 41

42. Hand & Arm Protection � cont�d When buying gloves for electric shock protection, check for a CSA Mark on the glove, and confirm the Type and Class are appropriate for your environment. 42

43. Hearing Protection Exposure to high noise levels can cause irreversible hearing impairment, hearing loss, physical & psychological stress. Just as there are many styles and types of eye & face protection, there are also many styles and types of hearing protection: Earplugs Earmuffs Helmets equipped with earmuffs 43

44. Hearing Protection � cont�d Earplugs � May be pre-formed or molded, and individually fitted by a professional: �made-for-you� May be waxed cotton, foam, or fiberglass wool. These are self-forming and work as well as molded earplugs when properly inserted. May be disposable or non-disposable. 44

45. Hearing Protection � cont�d Earmuffs � Need to make a perfect seal around the ear to be effective. Things that reduce protection: glasses, long sideburns, long hair, facial movements (e.g. chewing gum). Special equipment is available for use with glasses or beards. 45

46. More Information at� There are a vast number of styles and types of almost all PPE. To see the range of what�s available, browse these on-line catalogues: www.levittsafety.com www.rjsafety.com www.evallen.com www.safetyshoes.com www.kodiakboots.com 46

47. Misc PPE-related images from the Internet 47

48. Ladders Section 3 48

49. Ladders Ladders are one of the most utilized devices/tools for cable installation. They are also one of the more dangerous devices to use. Improper use of ladders caused 220,000 injuries in the US in 2004 (USA Today / Underwriters Laboratories Inc). It is the responsibility of the worker to learn how to select, use and maintain a ladder with safety in mind. 49

50. Rigid Ladder Types Single: A basic, non-adjustable ladder Extension: Two or more lengths that can slide apart to extend its overall length Step: Two equal lengths that can be split to form a �V� Roof: A basic or extension ladder with a projection that rest on the roof for additional protection against slipping Fixed: A ladder that is permanently attached to a structure. 50

51. Ladder Construction Aluminum Light, inexpensive Less Stable Electrically conductive and should never be used near electrical cables or circuits. Wood Non Conductive Heavy, require more maintenance and care Fiberglass Non Conductive Sturdier Heavy Most commonly used for electrical and other cable installation 51

52. Ladder Grades CSA grades of portable ladders Grade 1 (Heavy): Construction and Industrial Grade 2 (Medium): Tradesman and Farm Grade 3 (Light): Household An employer must ensure that a portable ladder meets the requirements of the following Standards: CSA CAN3-Z11-M81 (R2001): Portable Ladders and: ANSI Standard A14.1-2000: Wood ANSI Standard A14.2-2000: Metal ANSI Standard A14.5-2000: Reinforced Plastic (Fiberglass) 52

53. Using a Ladder Select the correct type of ladder. Never use a metal ladder if there is even a remote chance that the cabling installer or ladder will touch live electrical cables or equipment. Inspect the ladder before each use. Check to ensure that: Joints between steps and side rails are tight Anti-skid feet are secure and operating properly Any moving parts operate freely Rungs are free of dirt, liquids, or other substances that could cause slipping Side rails are not excessively bent or dented The spreaders on a stepladder can be locked in place 53

54. Using a Ladder Select the Footing Set the ladder on solid level footing only. On uneven surfaces remove material, where appropriate, to level the ladder. If needed, build up a base with fixed wooden planking. On cement, asphalt and steel surfaces, use nonslip pads. When setting up on snow, grass and similar surfaces, the spurs of the ladder should be used to prevent the base of the ladder from slipping. When on ice remove the ice to ensure a good grip. If this is not possible, use spurs. 54

55. Using a Ladder Angle the Ladder Place the base of the ladder so the distance from the base of the ladder to a line extended vertically from the top support - is approximately one-fourth of the length of the ladder, measured from the top support to the bottom support RATIO 4:1 (length between fixed points (A) : horizontal distance from base to base (B)) Stepladders must have their hinges locked 55

56. Using a Ladder On the the ladder: Always face the ladder and hold on with both hands when climbing. Maintain 3-point contact at all times. To maintain balance on the ladder when working, a good rule is to keep the belt buckle between the ladder rails. Make certain that no one could bump into the ladder. If the ladder must be set in a traffic area, use a barricade or have another coworker guard the ladder. Cordon off the work area with appropriate markers like traffic cones or caution tape. 56

57. Important Links Alberta OHA on the correct use of ladders: http://employment.alberta.ca/hre/whs/reg/Display.asp?EntityCode=HLEVEL_3&EntityKey=50688 57

58. Misc ladder images from the internet 58

59. Additional Information Ladder salesmen: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ZhMfzc9RbU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isYF5E0WxGU 59

60. Confined Spaces Section 4 60

61. Confined Spaces 61 Generally speaking, a confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed space that: Is not designed or intended for human occupancy Has a restricted entrance or exit by way of location, size or means. Can represent a risk for the for the health and safety of anyone who enters, due to one or more of the following factors: Its design, construction, location or atmosphere The materials or substances in it, Work activities being carried out in it, Mechanical, process and safety hazards present.

62. Confined Spaces 62 Confined spaces can be below or above ground. Confined spaces can be found in almost any workplace. A confined space, despite its name, is not necessarily small. Examples of confined spaces include: silos, vats, hoppers, manholes, utility vaults, tanks, sewers, pipes, access shafts, truck or rail tank cars, aircraft wings. Ditches and trenches may also be a confined space when access or entrance is limited.

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65. Confined Spaces are Hazardous 65 Many factors need to be evaluated when looking for hazards in a confined space. There is smaller margin for error, and an error in identifying or evaluating potential hazards can have more serious consequences. In some cases, the conditions in a confined space are extremely hazardous and potentially life threatening. This variability and unpredictability is why the hazard assessment is extremely important and must be taken very seriously.

66. Hazards in a confined space (1) 66 Confined spaces contain more hazards, including: Poor air quality: There may be an insufficient amount of oxygen for the worker to breathe. The atmosphere might contain a poisonous substance that could make the worker ill or even cause the worker to lose consciousness. Natural ventilation alone will often not be sufficient to maintain breathable quality air. Chemical exposures due to skin contact or ingestion as well as inhalation of 'bad' air.

67. Hazards in a confined space (2) 67 Fire Hazard: There may be an explosive/flammable atmosphere due to flammable liquids and gases and combustible dusts which if ignited would lead to fire or explosion. Process-related hazards such as residual chemicals, release of contents of a supply line. Noise. Mechanical Safety hazards such as moving parts of equipment, structural hazards, entanglement, slips, falls. Radiation

68. Hazards in a confined space (3) 68 Temperature extremes including atmospheric and surface. Shifting or collapse of bulk material. Barrier failure resulting in a flood or release of free-flowing solid. Uncontrolled energy including electrical shock. Visibility. Biological hazards. Communications with other workers may be restricted. Secondary contact where other areas of the workspace are contacted inadvertently. This can sometimes happen if a tool slips or from a reflex action.

69. Hazards in a confined space (4) 69 Self-rescue by the worker is more difficult. The entrance/exit of the confined space might not allow the worker to get out in time should there be a flood or collapse of free-flowing solid. It is more difficult to locate, rescue, assist or extricate personnel in a confined space. The interior configuration of the confined space often does not allow easy movement of people or equipment within it. Natural ventilation alone will often not be sufficient to maintain breathable quality air. The interior configuration of the confined space does not allow easy movement of air within it. Work activities may introduce hazards not present initially. Conditions can change very quickly.

70. Preparing to enter a confined space 70 The worker should determine: if the work space is considered a confined space. If it�s absolutely necessary that the work be carried out inside the confined space. In many cases where there have been deaths in confined spaces, the work could have been done outside the confined space! Before entering any confined space trained and experienced personnel must identify and evaluate all the potential hazards within the confined space. Be sure the confined space hazard assessment and control program has been followed. Please see the OSH Answers document "Confined Space - Program" for more informationBe sure the confined space hazard assessment and control program has been followed. Please see the OSH Answers document "Confined Space - Program" for more information

71. Air quality testing 71 An important step in determining the hazards in a confined space is air testing. The air within the confined space should be tested by a trained worker from outside of the confined space before entry into the confined space, and continually during the occupation of the space. The air should be tested top to bottom and side to side. The sampling should show that: The oxygen content is within safe limits - not too little and not too much (19.5% to 23% by volume) A hazardous atmosphere (toxic gases, flammable atmosphere) is not present. Ventilation equipment is operating properly

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73. Controlling Hazards in Confined Spaces 73 The traditional hazard control methods found in regular worksites can be effective in a confined space. These include: engineering controls administrative controls personal protective equipment (PPE) Engineering controls are designed to remove the hazard while administrative controls and personal protective equipment try to minimize the contact with the hazard.

74. Controlling Hazards in Confined Spaces 74 Because of the nature of the confined space and depending on the hazard, special precautions not normally required in a regular worksite may also need to be taken. The engineering control commonly used in confined spaces is mechanical ventilation. The Entry Permit system is an example of an administrative control used in confined spaces. Personal protective equipment (respirators, gloves, ear plugs and harness with rope) is commonly used in confined spaces as well.

75. Maintaining Air Quality 75 Natural ventilation (natural air currents) is usually not reliable and not sufficient to maintain proper air quality. Mechanical ventilation (blowers, fans) is usually necessary to maintain air quality. If mechanical ventilation is provided, there should be a warning system in place to immediately notify the worker in the event of a hazard or a failure in the ventilation equipment. Care should be taken to make sure the air being provided by the ventilation system to the confined space is 'clean'.

76. Maintaining Air Quality 76 Ease of air movement throughout the confined space should be considered because of the danger of pockets of toxic gases still remaining even with the use of mechanical ventilation. Do not substitute oxygen for fresh air. Increasing the oxygen content will significantly increase the risk of fire and explosion. The use of mechanical ventilation should be noted on the entry permit.

77. Preventing fire and explosion 77 Work where a flame is used or a source of ignition may be produced (hot work) must not be performed in a confined space unless all flammable gases, liquids and vapors are removed prior to the start of any hot work. Mechanical ventilation must keep the concentration of any explosive or flammable hazardous substance less than 10% of its Lower Explosive Limit The oxygen content in the confined space should not be enriched. Oxygen content must be between 19.5% and 23%. Surfaces coated with combustible material should be cleaned or shielded to prevent ignition.

78. Preventing fire and explosion 78

79. Controlling energy sources 79 All potentially hazardous energy sources must be de-energized and locked out prior to entry to the confined space so that equipment cannot be turned on accidentally.

80. Other safety precautions 80 Many other situations or hazards may be present in a confined space. Be sure that all hazards are controlled including: Any liquids or free-flowing solids are removed from the confined space to eliminate the risk of drowning or suffocation. All pipes should be physically disconnected or isolation blanks bolted in place. Closing valves is not sufficient. A barrier is present to prevent and liquids or free-flowing solids from entering the confined space. The opening for entry into and exit from the confined space must be large enough to allow the passage of a person using protective equipment.

81. Misc images of confined space from the internet 81

82. Trenches Section 5 82

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84. 84 Trenches An �excavation� means any cut, cavity, or depression in the earth�s surface resulting from the removal of rock or soil A cavity of any length over 1.2m (4ft) deep and over 3.7(12ft) wide at the bottom A �trench� is any excavation less than 3.7 m (12 ft) wide at the bottom, over 1.2m (4ft) deep, and any length

85. 85 Trench Work For all excavations deeper than 1.5 m (5.0ft) in which a person must enter or work, OHS requires the walls to be shored sheeted, braced or otherwise supported.

86. Sloping and shoring requirements 86 The sides of the excavation are sloped to a safe angle no steeper than 3 horizontal to 4 vertical, or The sides have been supported by the use of sheet piling or shoring and bracing, or A combination of both sloping and shoring is used, or The sides are sloped or supported in accordance with the written instruction of a professional engineer

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91. Misc images of trenches from the internet 91

92. Laser Section 6 92

93. LASERs in the workplace At each end of a fiber-optic link is a transducer The source is an electro-optic transducer that converts the electrical signal to an optical signal The detector is an optoelectronic transducer that converts optical energy to electrical energy The source is either an LED or LASER Both are semiconductor chips that emit light when current is passed through them 93

94. Dangerous Energy The optical energy emitted from the LEDs and LASER is dangerous to the eye. Laser- based product are regulated Center for Devices and Radiological Health of the Food and drug Administration-USA IEC Publication 825 In Canada not specifically regulated but all radiation devices must comply with the Radiation Emitting Devices Act 94

95. LASER Characteristics Power concentrated in a narrow beam Energy density of this beam can harm biological tissues, particularly the eye Chances of danger of depend on the wavelength of the light, the amount of energy and the time of exposure The nature of damage depends on the wavelength Ultraviolet light (under 400nm)-inflammation of the cornea and clouding of the lens Visible and near-infrared light(400-1400 nm) �thermal injury to retinal tissue (fiber optic systems operate in this range) Far-infrared light (greater than 1400nm)-damage to the cornea and lens (long distance applications operate at 1550nm) 95

96. Classes of Devices Class I � Considered inherently safe. (IEC requires classification label, CDRH does not.) Class II � Levels similar to a Class I device for an exposure of 0.25 second. Eye protection is normally provided by what is called a �normal aversion response�- you involuntarily blink Class III IIIa: Cannot injure a person�s eye under normal conditions of bright light. They can, however, injure the eyes when viewed through optical aids such as a microscope or telescope (CDRH concerns only visible light, while IEC includes all wavelengths) IIIb: Can injure the eye if the light is viewed directly Class IV Produce greater intensities and can injure the eye even when viewed indirectly 96

97. Laser Device Classification The higher the class number the more dangerous it is. Laser pointers are typically maximum class IIIa and can cause harm to eyesight. Datacom equipment uses non-visible light but it is still a significant hazard. Any laser device should be considered hazardous. 97

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99. Glass Fiber Section 7 99

100. Fiber Optic: Fiber Safety The glass fiber used for fiber optics is small; the outside diameter is about the same size as a human hair (125�m). 100

101. Fiber Optic: Fiber Safety Great care must be taken when handling optical fibers. The shards are difficult to see and are harmful. Fiber shards easily penetrate skin and membranes (such as the eye or the digestive system) They are difficult to locate because they are nearly invisible. Fiber shards are virtually invisible to most medical detection technologies. Because they are glass the body doesn�t create a local infection to push the fiber out of the skin such as a wood splinter. Shards must be dug out of the skin (hope it isn�t an eye or throat). 101

102. Fiber Optic: Fiber Safety Treat fiber shards as the dangerous goods that they are. Always prepare the work area for fiber shard disposal. 102

103. Fiber Optic: Fiber Safety No food or beverages in the work area ever. If fiber particles are ingested, they can cause serious internal problems. Do not look directly into the end of fiber strands for two reasons: You may have difficulty focusing the end and may actually push the fiber into your eye It may be connected to a laser source at the other end (including test equipment) 103

104. Fiber Optic: Fiber Safety When working with fiber: Always wear safety glasses. Do not touch the eyes while working with fiber optics. Prepare a fiber shard disposal area. Work in a stable environment such as a tabletop. Place a dark mat under the work area. Track down all shards before proceeding to the next installation step. Have tape ready to remove shards that may have gone astray from clothing, hands and the work table. Dark colors (clothing and tape) are best to contrast the fiber. If a shard goes astray, stop work and try to locate it. A flashlight helps. 104

105. Other Hazards Section 8 105

106. Other Work Hazards Due to the nature of the business, cable installers are exposed to a wide variety of environments: Indoor or outdoor Industrial, commercial or residential Above or below ground All temperature extremes Alone, or with other people New construction or existing structure Urban or rural setting Sole contractor or several trades on site Etc� 106

107. Responsibility You, your employer, your employees and owners all have responsibility to ensure: the work environment is as safe as it can be staff and visitors have proper training for the environment staff are fully trained on the equipment the equipment is in proper condition all are informed of any site hazards the worksite conforms to all laws and regulations all people are in a proper working condition activities of various trades are coordinated and all are aware of each other�s activities any injuries or illnesses are reported any safety concerns are reported to authorities 107

108. Review Questions Describe the process used to assess a workers personal protective equipment needs. Identify ten PPE items. Describe the major potential hazards with cable work. What is the safe level of oxygen content for workers? Provide several reasons why safety awareness is a shared responsibility?

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