The Migration and Colonization of the Americas: From Ancient Peoples to Independence

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2. Ancient Peoples Migrate to the Americas • 1492 – N.A. spoke 375 languages • N.A. occupation of N and S America • People came to North Am. by . . . • Bering Straight • Boats

3. Cultures Share Many Traits • Clans = formed by extended families • Made pacts w/other clans • Similar religious beliefs – nature very important • Shamans – spiritual leaders

4. Agriculture Leads to the Growth of Civilizations • 3500 y.a. – maize, squash, and beans in Mexico • More food = more people • Hunt/Gath/Fish – because agriculture wasn’t needed based on geography

5. Renaissance Changes Europe • Renaissance = advances in science, economics, political thought and art during 14th-16th cent (in Europe) • Sparks exploration • Sparks competition for access to goods • Muslims and Italian merchants dominate trade routes

6. The Age of Exploration Leads to Voyages of Discovery • Portuguese rule the sea in the Age of Exploration • Bartolomeu Dias – around s. tip of Africa • Vasco da Gama – India (1498)

7. The West Africans • W. Africa – highly civilized, have iron, agriculture, draft animals, & writing • Port need to cooperate w/W. Africa – want gold, salt, AND people • Portuguese expand slave trade after 1492. • Middle Passage = journey of enslaved from Africa to N. World

8. First Encounters in America • 1492 Columbus discovers Americas • Conquistadores – Spanish invaders/explorers • Cortes – overpowered Aztecs • Ponce de Leon – Florida • De Soto – Florida, SE, Mississippi River • Coronado – looked for city of gold found AZ, and NM

9. Columbian Exchange • NA – got from Europeans • Diseases (small pox, measles, flu, cholera, plague) • Draft animals – pigs, horses, mules, sheep, cattle • Europeans – got from NA • Syphillis • Maize and potatoes

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11. European Colonies in the Americas • Spain’s wealth came from Mexico, C. Am & S. Am – est. presidio (forts) and missions. Missions = Christianity • French – Canada – furs • French found Louisiana along Mississippi, and the Gulf Coast

12. England Establishes Colonies in Virginia • 1607 – 1st Brit settlement – Jamestown • Colonists main crop was tobacco • House of Burgesses – Virginia legislature – govern the colony

13. New England Colonies • New England est. mostly by Puritans • 1620 – settled Plymouth – adopted Mayflower compact = framework for self-govt. • 4 colonies – Mass, RI, Conn, NH. • Economy based on – fish, lumber, ship building

14. Middle and Southern Colonies • Colonies b/w MD and N. England • Dutch conquered, N. Netherland becomes N. York • Main crop – wheat • Southern colonies = slaver = rice = N. Car, S. Car, Georgia

15. English Traditions • Magna Carta – limited power of English Monarch, protected property rights, and trial by jury • English Bill of Rights – list of freedoms the govt protected. Required Parliament, to meet regularly. Can’t build army’s or raise taxes w/o Parliament’s consent

16. Enlightenment and the Great Awakening • Enlightenment – problems could be solved by human reason (Montesquieu and Locke). • Great Awakening – religious mvmt (Edwards and Whitefield). Promoted revivals led to birth of churches. Increased religious tolerance. • These both influenced Am. Rev

17. Cause of the American Revolution • 1689-1763 – British and French fight bunch of wars • French and Indian War – 1754-1763. British win Canada, Fl, and part of Louisiana. Colonist’s want to move there, England says NO wants to keep peace with N.A.!

18. Taxes and Traditional Rights • Britain’s debt is high need to tax more. • Want colonists to pay more • Don’t protest b/c they want the protection of the empire • Resist taxes cite – Magna Carta and Bill of Rights

19. Colonial Resistance • Resistance begins – boycott goods • Harass – Loyalists for collecting taxes. • Loyalists want to pay taxes b/c they are afraid of Britain and war

20. Americans Declare Their Independence • 1774 – First Continental Congress – ask Britain to stop taxing, England says NO • 1775 – war began in Concord, Mass. • N. Englanders organize army • 1776 – Declaration of Independence – drafted by Thomas Jefferson – inspired Enlightenment thought – all truths were “self evident”

21. The War is Fought • George Washington – leads Patriots • 1778 – get assistance from France • 1781 – French fleet traps Brits at Yorktown • 1783 – Treaty of Paris – boundaries – Florida, Great Lakes and Mississippi.

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23. States Establish Constitutional Government • Colonists declared their independence in 1776 and won with the victory in 1783 • Each colony wrote a constitution • Voters elected the legislature and governors • Only white male property owners could vote, except N.J. where women could vote till 1807 • Most constitutions had a bill of rights = list of freedoms guaranteed by the state govt.

24. The Articles of Confederation • 1781 – 13 states adopt 1st federal constitution • Articles of Confederation – kept most power w/states, and gave fed govt only certain power. • Congress could declare war, regulate trade • Each state had own trade policy • Govt had no say in interstate commerce and couldn’t levy taxes • Problem – no money then • Problem – no leader each state had a single vote in a one-house congress. 2/3 of the states had approve any issue

25. The Northwest Territory • Under Articles, Congress had control of this area, from N. of the Ohio River, w to Penn to the Miss River. • Congress passes 2 laws to manage land • 1. Land Ordinance – created a system for surveying and selling the land to settlers • 2. Northwest Ordinance – describe how territories are governed and how they could become states

26. Troubles Grow in 1780 • No army meant Confederation was weak and couldn’t defend American interests • Spain closes port of New Orleans • British won’t abandon forts • mid-1780s, depression strikes farmers hard. In Mass. Courts seized farms from farmers who didn’t pay taxes • Leads to Shay’s rebellion – led by Daniel Shay – they shut down courts blocking foreclosures – rebellion highlights the weakness of the fed govt.

27. Constitutional Convention • By 1787 many believe Articles of Confederation are flawed. • Hold a covention in Philly in Ma 1787, later becomes known as the Constitutional Convention • New Jersey Plan • Gives Congress power to regulate commerce and tax • Keeps basic structure of confederation • Unicameral legislature • Representation is equal

28. Constitutional Convention continued... • Virginia Plan – designed by James Madison • Advocated union that is strong and republican • Large republic is more stable because it’s more diverse and has checks and balances • Would be able to tax and regulate commerce • Bicameral legislature – house of Representatives and Senate. • Number of members based on state population • President would exist to command armed forces and manage foreign relations

29. Great Compromise • Bicameral – two house legislature • Senate would be equally represented – two per state • House of Representatives represented population • 3/5 clause – enslaved people 3/5ths a person

30. Federalists Argue for Ratification • Before new Constitution is approved – 9 of 13 states have to ratify – or approve it • Supporters of Constitution = Federalists • Want Strong central govt – includes James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay • Write Federalists Papers explaining why they want it

31. Antifederalists Argue Against Ratification • Opponents of Constitution = Antifederalists – indclue Patrick Henry and Samuel Adams • Object b/c they fell it gives the national govt too much power • Don’t like the President has so much power • Feel Congress is too small • Feel that the federal court system interferes w/ local courts

32. A Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification • Antifederalists argued that the Constitution lacked a bill of rights • To get Constitution ratified, they Federalists had to include a Bill of rites • States ratify the amendments in 1791

33. Principles of the New Constitution • Divides powers b/w states and nation – this is known as federalism • Promoted separation of powers w/in the federal government by defining executive, legislative, and judicial branches • Thus checks and balances.

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35. The Government Under Washington • George Washing = 1st President • Alexander Hamilton = Secretary of Treasury • Thomas Jefferson = Secretary of State • This is aka the President’s Cabinent

36. Hamilton’s Financial Plan Stirs Debate • A.H. wants to pay off debt by issuing bonds • Proposes new taxes to pay interest on bonds • Wants a Bank of the US • This gets allowed though the elastic cause in Constitution – which allows Congress to enact laws for general welfare. • Federalists approve

37. Democratic Republicans Challenge Hamilton • Jefferson saw this wouldn’t work b/c it favored the northerners that owned more debt. • Critiqued because it gave more power to the federal government than the Democratic Republicans wanted

38. America Has Strained Relations with Europe • 1789 French Rev begins – Dem Rep sympathized with revolutionaries, Federalists think they’re a mob • U.S. stays neutral on French Rev. • Trade w/Brits and France • Brits mad – seize ship • Jay’s Treaty – get forts back, but shipping still restricted • Gen. Anthony Wayne – won at Fallen Timbers – gets 2/3 of Ohio and S. Indiana • Pinckney’s Treaty – Negotiated w/Spain so U.S. could export produce through New Orleans

39. Alien and Sedition Acts • John Adams = 2nd President – 1796 • French mad b/c of Jay’s Treaty • Seize U.S. Ships • Alien Act – makes it difficult for immigrants to become citizens, allows govt, to imprison or deport aliens • Sedition act – citizens can’t publicly discredit leaders

40. Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812 • Thomas Jefferson = 3rd President, 1800 • Gets rid of Alien and Sedition Acts • Reduces national debt

41. The Supreme Court Issues a Landmark Decision • Marbury vs. Madison – chief justice John Marshal asserts judicial review which is the power to decide the constitutionality of a federal law • Supreme Court power grows

42. America Purchases Louisiana • Napoleon Bonaparte sells Louisiana Territory b/c he needs $; sells to Jefferson for $15 mill • Doubles size of country • Explored by Lewis & Clark, and Pike

43. Jefferson’s Embargo • Brit navy keeps seizing US ships – impressment = seizing U.S. sailors for the British navy • As a result, Jefferson creates an embargo – suspending trade, with England • Doesn’t work well for the U.S.

44. War of 1812 • 4th President = James Madison • Starts war, because no alternative b/c the Brits are still seizing ships. • 1814, British invade U.S. capture Washington D.C. burn Capitol and White House • Peace treaty signed that doesn’t really change anything

45. Industry Grows in the North • Industrial Revolution begins in Great Britain • Built machines and factories • Slow in U.S. until after war of 1812 • Attracts immigrants from Europe • N.E. becomes most populous region in the nation

46. Cotton Boom in the South • Cotton gin invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney • South relies on enslaved labor • 1.5 mill lbs in 1790, 167 mill lbs in 1820 (of cotton) • Thus we get new plantations • Cotton in great demand for Northern textile factories • More money meant more slaves

47. Monroe Doctrine • 5th President = James Monroe • Monroe Doctrine – declaring that European monarchies had no business meddling with American republics • In return the U.S. would stay out of European affairs • Becomes important in the 19th century