Name: Esfandiar Heidarikani Organisation:

1. Title:A survey in understanding why the pedestrians and cyclists safety policies are ineffectiveness in Iran Name: EsfandiarHeidarikani Organisation: Department of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, IRAN Event: Australasian Road Safety Conference (ARSC 2015), Gold Coast Date: 14 – 16 of October , 2015

2. Goals This research: • Compares laws with rules of geometric design • Analyzes the facilities and behavior of road users • Identifies failure parameters that affect the safety of projects • Tries to provide practical solutions

3. Importance of Issue • Controlling road accidents as a big challenge in modern world • 22% pedestrians, and 5% cyclists deaths per year • 92% of road traffic deaths in low and middle income countries • Millions of pedestrians experience non-fatal injuries, some with permanent disabilities • Incidents cause suffering , grief andeconomic hardship • Pedestrian collisions as evitable accidents, predictable and preventable

4. Literature review • No comprehensiveand defragmentedstudies • Topic has only been considered in a few thesis • lack of bicycle facilities a reason for nonspecificstudies • Policiesof pedestrian and bicycle facilities are notavailable documented

5. Facts • Accident statistics are irregular, incorrectand unreliable • Legal Medical Organization is the only legal reference for the number of fatalities andinjuries Some of the key statistics are as follows: • Rate of road accidents is twenty times more than the world’s average • Yearly, road traffic crashes kill nearly 28,000 peopleand injure or disable more than 300,000 • Traffic fatalities cost the economy Six billion USD per year, more than 5% of the country’s GNP

6. The Status quo 1. Bicycle statistics • Number of bicycles and ownership capitation not available • Most of those are childhood bicycles, for entertainment • Use of safety set is not obligatory for cyclists • No bicycle facilities, no procedures or rules • In Tehran about twenty years ago, 2 km bicycle path established • In some rural roads, the cyclists are permitted to pass the edge and over cross the roads

7. The Status quo 2. pedestrian 2.1. Urban Area • No continuous network of walk ways • Interruptedpath for both cross passing and along walk ways • Pedestrians not respected at intersections and walk ways • Markings are defected or do not existgenerally • In most cities, pedestrian overpasses are at high speed streets • The reasons for not using: height of stairs, lack of disability supporting equipment, sides fully covered

8. The Status quo 2.2. Rural Area • Shoulders used by pedestrians • Some pedestrian overpassesare established on the road • People have no interest in using them • Established pedestrian barriers under overpasses • Pedestrian fatal accidents underthose structures • Lack of formal and regular road safety training

9. Education 1. Regular training • No regular training in all level of ages • Road safety training has a good position in education systems in most of the countries 2. Non regular training • Radio, TV, newspaper and other medias try to trainsafety concepts • No success, without practice, exams, not teaching all the needed aspects responsibly • No specific programs, socialism and journalismaspects more focused on than technical part

10. Rules observance and enforcement • No prohibitionfor pedestrians to passon different parts of roads • Pedestrian accident even under overpassing, vehicle is responsible • Cyclistsare not responsible for observing rules • Using motorway and walkway on opposite traffic flow • Passing from everywhere they want • Pedestrians and cyclists are never fined

11. Regulations 1. Pedestrians • Issue number 144, design and regulation, in 1996 • Ministry of Housing and Urban Development issue about pedestrian facilities 2. Bicycles • No bicycle regulations by Iranian Technical Criteria Office • Ministry of Housing and Urban Development issue for bicycle facilities • In publication No.415, 2012, bicycle is a minor subject 3. Subject importance and consideration by authorities • Safe to say that bikes and cyclists are forgottenin Iran

12. Accident statistic • In a cross-sectional study, of 8323 victims of road traffic accident, pedestrians (41%), motorcyclists (34.1%), car occupants (19.6%), cyclists (3.8%) and others (1.6%) 1. Pedestrian • Not an easy task Obtaining the correct data of pedestrian incidents • Police responsibility for collecting and processing accident data • Difficult and maybeimpossible Access to accidents’ data details • Type of data cannot be usedfor analysis and planning.

13. Accident statistic • 40% of accidents in urbanareas and 25% in ruralareas • Majority of the accidents have occurred in daytime • 42 fatal accidents in33months on multilane highways and 63fatalaccidents in 19 months on twolanehighways 2. Bikes • Eliminationof bicycles from forms of transportation • Data is fragmented • No choice but usingmotorways in cities result in bike fatal accidents

14. Safety Policies • Responsibility for regulations and procedures, traffic safety, geometric design, education, traffic control devices • Hard to find a singlecommitted policy with a careful plan • Datacollectionsystem, no networkfor bicyclepathway, no constructionmotivation • Noconstructedbicycle pathway in newtowns • Interruptedpedestriannetwork facilities • Non-specialistauthorities in related offices

15. Reasons for pedestrian and bicycle safety disorderliness 1. Multidiscipline system • Urban area • Rules on parking, shop charging, commercial tapers • Different levels and high slope on sidewalks • Police interference into their non-duty task, cyclists permitted to use walkway, using walkway as material deposit • Rural area • Functionalhierarchyof highways and interaction with environmental development • Importance of construction of highspeed roads passing over the residential areas • Accessopenings for cross passing, directaccessesto land uses, no control to direct access

16. Reasons for pedestrian and bicycle safety disorderliness 2. Ignoring Regulations and Procedures • External political, economic and social forces on infrastructurebuilders and operators • These forces result in lower attention to safety and quality of operation 3. Financial source restriction • Effect of financiallimitation in different parts of urban development and constructionsolutions • Operation quality at second stage after infrastructure • Samecondition in all transportationprojects

17. Reasons for pedestrian and bicycle safety disorderliness 4. Ineffectiveness of authorities' proficiency in related offices • Proficiency is not the nativerule of employment • No sufficient knowledgeand experience in decision making staff • Politicalaspect of employmentoverweight other aspects • No questioning, no evaluation, not afraid of their past, institutionalizeirresponsiblebehavior 5. Ineffectiveness of road rescue • Arrivaltimefifteenminutes • Reasonablecooperationbetween ministries, financialrestrictions,remaininglowlevel

18. Conclusion • Effect of financialrestrictionon launching projects, importance of infrastructure only, unsuitableposition of quality operation • Authorities impress people by quantity, not quality • No demand for safetysubject from people • No serious regular and irregulartraining for pedestrian and bicycle facility users • Shortage of safetyknowledge in police • No enforcing regulationsand proceduresin pedestrian and bicycle safety

19. Conclusion • Forgetting bicycles and pedestrians in new multimodal towns, low importance versus vehicle traffic flow • Lack of pedestrian and bicycle facilitiesin' Fifth Five Year Plan Rule,2010 • Not following scientific processes, assigning office positions to non-professionals • Lessening the importance of accident data, ignoring of regulation and rule performance from employees • Transportation and urban managing form a multidiscipline system • Accumulationof safety problems, especially pedestrians and bicycles

20. References • WHO, Distribution of road traffic deaths by type of road user,(2015), Retrieved from http://www.who.int/gho/road_safety/en/ • WHO, facts on global road safety, (2015),BeginningRetrieved from http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/roadsafety/facts/en • WHO, Pedestrian safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners, (2015), Retrieved from http://www.who.int/roadsafety/projects/manuals/pedestrian/en/ • UNICEF, Road Traffic Injuries in Iran and their Prevention, A Worrying Picture,(2015), Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/iran/media_4783.html • Catchpole, J. & DiPietro, G. (2003). Road safety education in schools: what to do, what not to do. In: Proceedings conference " Road safety research policing and education conference: From research to action", Sydney, Australia. • ROSE 25 Country report the Netherlands, Retrieved from http://www.rose-25.org/data/cpuntry-report/R_Netherlands_new.pdf • West, R., Sammons, P. & West, A. (1993). Effects of a traffic club on road safety knowledge and self-reported behavior of young children and their parents. In: Accident Analysis and Prevention, 25 (5), p. 609-618. • Researches and technical criteria office deputy, pedestrian facilities, publication No.144, 1996, management and planning organization of Iran. • Urban planning and architecture unit, Design standard for roads and streets, section 10, pedestrian facilities, 1996, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Iran. • MojganKarbakhsh, MousaZargar , 2007, Road Traffic Accidents in Iran: Results of National Trauma Project in Sina Trauma Research Center, First International Conference on Traffic Accidents, University of Tehran. • HeidariKani, E. (2014). Research and Analysis of effective factors in accidents, and codify procedure for improvement of safety state in Babol-Amol new road. Road and Urban Mazandaran Province Administration, Iran. • DarzitabarShfiy, M. (2013), Investigation and analysis of pedestrian accidents and presentation of some Solutions for decrease of that (acase study on kiakola-joubar road) (2015 Sept.), Master student thesis, Ayatollah Amoli branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran

21. Contact Details Thanks for your attention • EsfandiarHeidarikani • Civil Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, IRAN • Mobile : +98 911 3112967 • Fax: +98 11 32644267 • Email: e.heidarik@qaemshahriau.ac.ir eheidarik@hotmail.com