MATTER

1. MATTER ANYTHING WITH MASS AND VOLUME

2. Classification of Matter Elements Pure Substances Draw this chart!, leave space to define the terms Compounds Matter Homogeneous Mixtures Heterogeneous

3. Mixtures and Pure Substances • A pure substance is made of only one kind of material and has definite properties. • Matter that consists of two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined is called a mixture.

4. Pure Substances: • Elements are the simplest pure substance. • Examples: hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. • The smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element is called an atom.

5. Pure substances: • Compounds are pure substances that are made of more than one element bound together. • Examples: water (H2O), and carbon dioxide. A molecule is formed when two or more atoms combine. Example: water (H2O), O2

6. MIXTURESHeterogeneous vs. Homogeneous • Homogeneous matter (solutions): matter that has identical properties throughout. • Examples: Sugar, salt water, and whipped cream • Heterogeneous matter: matter that has parts with different properties. • Examples: granite, soil, potpourri

7. EXAMPLES • What type of matter are each of the following… ?

8. SAND

9. SAND Heterogeneous mixture

10. Salt (NaCl)

11. Salt (NaCl) COMPOUND

12. Air

13. Air Nitrogen, N2 78.08% Oxygen, O2 20.95% Argon, Ar 0.93% Carbon dioxide, CO2 0.033% Neon, Ne 0.0018% Helium, He 0.00052% Methane, CH4 0.0002% Krypton, Kr 0.00011% Nitrogen(I) oxide, N2O 0.00005% Hydrogen, H2 0.00005% Xenon, Xe 0.0000087% Ozone, O3 0.000001% • Homogeneous mixture of: Many gases make up mixture, but it looks like it is all one gas.

14. Gold

15. Gold ELEMENT: Au

16. Bronze

17. Bronze Homogeneous mixture of copper and tin (alloy: mixture of metals)

18. Salad Dressing

19. Salad Dressing: Heterogeneous

20. Conservation • Law of Conservation of Matter (Mass): matter cannot be created or destroyed. • Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may only change from one form to another.

21. Matter and energy MUST be conserved; it’s the LAW!

22. Virtually everything that is, is made up of atoms.

23. From the very large...

24. To the very small...

25. We are all made of atoms…and only atoms. This includes you and me!

26. Currently we have about 115 kinds of atoms. In the natural world there exists 88 different kinds of atoms. The others have been artificially produced in laboratories. Making stuff nature never dreamed of. The Elements Song

27. We call each kind of atom an element, and give it a specific name and symbol. Copper Cu Gold Au

28. Periodic Table

29. Abundance of the elements, by weight

30. The Earth’s interior is rich in iron

31. Sand is made of Silicon & Oxygen

32. The ocean waters are made of oxygen & hydrogen

33. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Of course real atoms don’t look anything like this! Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus of atoms -- roughly at the center Electrons travel around the nucleus.

34. Different kinds of atoms, or elements, are different because they have different numbers of protons. They don’t look anything like this either!

35. We list the elements by their atomic numbers - the number of protons they have. Helium, number 2 Hydrogen, number 1 In several cases the atomic weights are in parentheses.  This indicates that these elements have no stable isotopes; that is, they are radioactive.  The value enclosed in parentheses and used for the atomic weight is the atomic mass number of the most stable known isotope, as indicated by the longest half-life.

36. Physical Properties • Physical properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. • Examples: • mass • volume • color • shape • texture • density

37. Physical Changes • Physical change: a change in the physical form or properties of a substance that occurs without a change in composition. • Examples: • melting • freezing • grinding • dissolving

38. Chemical Properties • Chemical property: describes a substance’s ability to change into a different substance. • Examples: • flammability • reactivity

39. Chemical Changes • Chemical change: occurs when a substance changes composition by forming one or more new substances. (bonds are broken and bonds are formed) • Example: • HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

40. Indications of a Chemical Change… Flames Gas is given off (not to be confused with boiling) Color Change

41. Evaporation is a physical change

42. Breaking is a physical change.

43. Boiling is a change of state, and therefore a physical change!

44. Rusting is a Chemical Change

45. Burning is a Chemical Change

46. NOTETAKERS: • PHASES of MATTER

47. Kinetic Theory • All matter is made of atoms and molecules that act like tiny particles. • These tiny particles are always in motion. The higher the temp., the faster the particles move. • At the same temp., more massive (heavier) particles move slower than less massive (lighter) particles.

48. SOLIDS • Definite shape? • YES • Definite volume? • YES • Molecules in a solid are tightly packed and constantly vibrating.

49. LIQUIDS • Definite shape? • NO • Definite volume? • YES • Some liquids flow more easily than others. The resistance of a liquid to flow is called viscosity. • Honey has a high viscosity compared to water.

50. GASES • Definite shape? • NO • Definite volume? • NO • The particles in a gas are spread very far apart, but can be compressed by pumping them into a restricted volume.