Comprehensive Review of the Nervous and Muscular Systems

1. AnS 214 Exam 2 Review

3. Nervous System - 10 • Name the three functions of the nervous system

4. Nervous System – 10 • Collect sensory input • Integrate sensory input • Produce motor outputs

5. Nervous System - 20 • What are cell bodies called in the PNS and CNS?

6. Nervous System – 20 • CNS – Nuclei • PNS – Ganglia

7. Nervous System - 30 • What type of cell forms the blood-brain-barrier?

8. Nervous System – 30 • Astrocytes

9. Nervous System - 40 • Myelination is formed by what types of cell in the PNS and CNS?

10. Nervous System – 40 • CNS – Oligodendrocytes • PNS – Schwann cells • Bonus question (10 points) : How many nerves are does each cell type cover?

11. Nervous System - 50 • Describe an EPSP from the generation of an action potential to the post synaptic neuron. Name one type of synaptic relationship that generally causes EPSPs.

12. Nervous System – 50 • Cell depolarizes, Na+ moves in • Reaches threshold • Generates action potential at axon hillock • Moves towards presynaptic axon terminal • Synaptic vesicles bind to axon terminal and release neurotransmitter • Bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron • Excite post-synaptic neuron to open chemically gated channels • Axodendritic

13. Muscles - 10 • What are three characteristics of skeletal muscle?

14. Muscles – 10 • Voluntary • Striated • Attached to bones

15. Muscles - 20 • Mammalian muscles cell grow by ______________ prenatally and ______________ after birth.

16. Muscles – 20 • Hyperplasia • Hypertrophy

17. Muscles - 30 • What makes up the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

18. Muscles – 30 • Transverse(T) tubules • 2 terminal cisternae

19. Muscles - 40 • What are the three subunits of troponin and what do they do?

20. Muscles – 40 • TNt – interacts with tropomyosin • TNi – inhibits Cabindign • TNc – binds Ca+2

21. Muscles - 50 • Describe the length-tension relationship and provide examples of what the sarcomere looks like at the extremes.

22. Muscles – 50 • The amount of tension generated depends on the muscles length before stimulation • Overly contracted: thick filaments too close to z-disc to contract any more • Too stretched: Very little overlap, cannot produce enough force to contract

23. CV - 10 • Cardiac Output = ?

24. CV – 10 • Stroke volume X Heart Rate

25. CV - 20 • What percent of cells in the heart have automaticity?

26. Answer 3 – 20 • 100% • Bonus Question (10points) : How many actually exhibit automaticity?

27. CV - 30 • Name three abnormal heart conditions

28. CV – 30 • Angina • Myocardial infarction • Arrhythmia • Fibrillation • Defective Av node • Defective SA node • Premature ventricular contraction

29. CV - 40 • Define diastole and systole

30. CV – 40 • Diastole : ventricular relaxation • Systole : ventricular contraction

31. CV - 50 • Trace an electrical signal through the heart starting at the SA node

32. CV – 50 • SA node– fastest depolarization • AV node – connect atria and ventricle • AV bundle/bundle of His • Right and left bundle branches – in septum, go towards apex of heart • Purkinje fibers – ventricular walls

33. Diagrams - 10 • Draw an action potential. Include Na+ and K+ permeability.

34. Diagrams – 10

35. Diagrams - 20 • Label the waves.

36. Diagrams – 20

37. Diagrams - 30 • Label the parts of a myofilament.

38. Diagrams – 30

39. Diagrams - 40 • Draw and label a neuron.

40. Diagrams – 40

41. Diagrams - 50 • Draw the triad and show the movement of an action potential and calcium ions.

42. Diagrams – 50

43. Misc. - 10 • What is your favorite example Dr. Selsby has given in class?

44. Misc. – 10 • Textbook experiment

45. Misc. - 20 • What is a “pearl necklace” in the muscle system?

46. Misc. – 20 • Troponin and tropomyosin

47. Misc. - 30 • What is follistatin?

48. Misc. – 30 • Myostatin inhibitor = bigger muscles

49. Misc. - 40 • Name the three types of motor neurons

50. Misc. – 40 • Sensory • Interneurons • Motor