Review Exam 2

1. Review Exam 2

2. 1. Identical twins develop from: • A) a single egg and two sperms. • B) two eggs and a single sperm. • C) a single egg and a single sperm. • D) two eggs and two sperms.

3. 2. A spiraling, complex molecule containing genes is called: • A) DNA. • B) a chromosome. • C) a genome. • D) a gene complex.

4. 3. In adoption studies, scientists have found: • A) adopted children have personalities closer to the parents who raised them. • B) adopted children have personalities closer to the other children they were raised with. • C) adopted children have personalities shaped predominantly from their environments. • D) adopted children have personalities closer to their biological parents.

5. 4. Mitch was extremely emotionally inhibited and fearful as a 2 year-old, and at age 6 continued to be very shy. This illustrates the importance of: • A) parenting styles. • B) temperament. • C) chromosomal matching. • D) early trauma on later behavior.

6. Based on research about human behavior, the conclusion your text makes is: • A) heredity is much more important. • B) the environment is much more important. • C) the interaction of heredity and environment is more accurate. • D) our personalities are determined before birth.

7. 6. Demitry Belyaev and Lyudmilla Trut successfully: • A) cloned a sheep that lived to adulthood. • B) mapped the human genome. • C) domesticated wild foxes by selective mating. • D) created the first “hybrid” of a plant and an animal combination.

8. 8. “Nature selects behaviorsthat increase the likelihood of sending one’s genes into the future,” would be a fundamental statement made by: • A) evolutionary psychology. • B) fundamental psychology. • C) functional psychology. • D) environmental psychology.

9. 9. A major criticism of scientists against evolutionary psychology is: • A) people did not evolve from monkeys. • B) the bible gives the true origin of humans. • C) interpretations are “far-fetched”. • D) their theories start with an effect and work backwards to propose an explanation.

10. 10. In studying worldwide mating preferences, researchers have found that, in 37 countries: • A) men prefer thinner women. • B) women prefer mates with wealth and status. • C) mating preferences differed according to cultural norms. • D) women are marrying younger than ever before.

11. 11. Rats raised in more stimulating environments resulted in: • A) “talented” rats who could count to ten. • B) happier and more sociable rats. • C) larger brains and more synaptic connections. • D) increased sexual activity.

12. 12. Shared environmental influences account for ___ of children’s personality differences. • A) less than 10 percent. • B) about 50 percent. • C) about 25 percent. • D) more than 50 percent.

13. 13. Environmental influences in childhood are more likely to affect ___ in adoptive children. • A) temperament • B) political attitudes • C) sexual preference • D) extraversion

14. 14. When asked about her son’s shyness, Mrs. Jones responds, “Oh, he will grow out of it.” You know that: • A) she is probably right. • B) shyness is a lasting trait of temperament. • C) he was probably traumatized. • D) he probably learned this from modeling one of his parents.

15. 15. Children who grow up hearing one accent of speech at home and a different one from their peers: • A) do not develop accents. • B) develop accents similar to their parents. • C) develop accents similar to their peers. • D) has no relation to their own speech.

16. 16. Each cultural group evolves its own rules for expected and accepted behavior called: • A) folkways. • B) unspoken rules. • C) etiquette. • D) norms.

17. 17. Of all the cultures listed, choose the one below that prefers the greatest amount of personal space. • A) Arabs • B) British • C) French • D) Mexican

18. 18. Frank was born with birth defects because his mother used drugs while she was pregnant with him. This illustrates the harmful influence of: • A) genetic coding. • B) natural selection. • C) prenatal environments. • D) inadequate parenting.

19. 22. When dealing with stress, women are more often likely to: • A) have emotional breakdowns. • B) turn to others for support. • C) become aggressive. • D) run away.

20. 24: A set of expectations about the way men and women should behave are: • A) cultural norms. • B) gender identity. • C) male-female constructs. • D) gender roles.

21. 25. According to ___, children learn gender-linked behaviors by observing and imitating or by being reinforced. • A) behavioral theory • B) gender schema theory • C) social learning theory • D) cultural determinism theory

22. 2. The prenatal stage of development has three phases, in the order of: • A) embryo, fetus, zygote. • B) zygote, fetus, embryo. • C) fertile, fetal, birth. • D) zygote, embryo, fetus.

23. 3. Teratogens are: • A) recessive genes that result in birth defects. • B) microorganisms that can cause mutations in normal development. • C) toxic agents which can cause defects in an embryo or fetus. • D) alleles that react negatively to the environment.

24. 4. The leading cause of mental retardation is now: • A) genetic abnormalities. • B) malnutrition. • C) Down Syndrome. • D) fetal alcohol syndrome.

25. You have a pregnant friend who is having a glass of wine with dinner. She tells you that she is only having one glass. You tell her: • A) to be sure to limit it to one glass. • B) beer would be safer. • C) there is no safe level of alcohol when someone is pregnant. • D) as long as it is with food, it shouldn’t be a problem.

26. 6. Touching a newborn’s cheek can trigger the ___ reflex, turning its head toward the source of touch and opening its mouth. • A) sucking. • B) rooting. • C) grasping. • D) nuzzling.

27. 7. Newborns prefer to look at: • A) a bull’s eye pattern. • B) a human face. • C) a circle. • D) a shiny object.

28. 8. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. This is called: • A) habituation. • B) visual boredom. • C) visual exhaustion. • D) object permanence.

29. 10. Timmy’s father covered up a toy with a towel. At age 4 months, Timmy did not look for it, but at 5 months, Timmy lifted the towel to get the toy. Timmy has developed: • A) egocentrism. • B) object permanence. • C) accommodation. • D) conservation.

30. 11. Changes in height, weight, body hair, voice changes and in girls, breast development which happen in adolescence are known as: • A) menarche. • B) puberty. • C) secondary sex characteristics. • D) primary sex characteristics.

31. 12. An adolescent’s occasional impulsive and immature behavior is at least partly a reflection of the last brain area to mature, the: • A) frontal cortex. • B) temporal lobes. • C) sensory strip. • D) parietal lobes.

32. 13. According to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, following the “letter of the law” is: • A) called conventional morality. • B) called postconventional morality. • C) the highest level of morality. • D) difficult for adolescents.

33. 14. According to Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development, adolescence must deal with the psychosocial conflict of: • A) intimacy vs. isolation. • B) identity vs. role confusion. • C) industry vs. inferiority. • D) initiative vs. guilt.

34. 17. During middle adulthood, the primary psychosocial task is to: • A) experiment with different roles. • B) review his or her life to find meaningfulness. • C) establish lasting and meaningful relationships. • D) contribute to future generations.

35. 19. Underlying Alzheimer’s disease is loss off brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce: • A) endorphins. • B) acetylcholine. • C) serotonin. • D) dopamine.

36. 20. On which of the following tasks are 60-year-old adults most likely to outperform 20-year-old adults? • A) analogies. • B) solving an abstract geometry problem. • C) recalling previously presented nonsense syllables. • D) answering questions quickly.

37. 21. The culturally defined preferred time for major life events, such as marriage, parenthood and retirement is known as: • A) the life cycle. • B) cultural dictates. • C) the social clock. • D) cultural dogma.

38. 23. Many couples cohabitate before marriage, believing this will ensure success when they marry. Statistics show: • A) they remain married longer. • B) they have less chance of being divorced. • C) this makes no difference. • D) they are at higher risk of divorce.

39. 24: When children leave home, it creates a situation called, “the empty nest,” which effects most parents by: • A) increasing the risk of depression. • B) increasing the risk of divorce. • C) increasing the level of life satisfaction. • D) increasing work involvement.

40. 25. Jamie does not steal a candy bar from the store because he is afraid his mother will spank him if he is caught. Jamie best represents a(n) _____ morality. • A) preoperational • B) preconventional • C) conventional • D) postconventional

41. 16. We sometimes reverse images because of changes in the relationship of: • A) light and shadow. • B) figure-ground. • C) size and dimension. • D) connectedness.

42. 17. We see this as two figures together rather than as many curved and straight lines because of the rule of: • A) connectedness. • B) proximity. • C) continuity. • D) similarity.

43. 18. Relative clarity helps us to determine ___ because: • A) size; clear objects appear larger. • B) depth; clear objects appear farther. • C) luminescence; nearer objects are brighter. • D) depth; distant objects appear hazy.

44. 19. If we assume that two objects are similar in size, the one that casts the smaller retinal image is assumed to be: • A) closer. • B) smaller. • C) farther away. • D) larger.

45. 20. Pablo is a landscape artist who was known for the depth of his paintings. After an accident, he had vision only from one eye. Since then, his paintings: • A) will have less depth. • B) will have just as much depth. • C) will have no depth. • D) may have depth but will lack in accuracy.

46. 21. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts,” has been most associated with a: • A) clinical psychologist. • B) Gestalt psychologist. • C) cognitive-behavioral psychologist. • D) perceptual psychologist.

47. 22.Retinal disparity refers to the: • A) tendency to see parallel lines as coming together in the distance. • B) tendency to see stimuli that are near each other as parts of a unified object. • C) somewhat different images our two eyes receive of the same object. • D) extent to which our eyes turn toward each other when looking at an object.

48. 23. The perceptual tendency to fill in gaps to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called: • A) closure. • B) constancy. • C) interposition. • D) convergence.

49. 24. All of the following are monocular cues of depth perception, except: • A) motion parallax. • B) linear perspective. • C) convergence. • D) relative height.