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Imperialism

Imperialism Define key vocabulary terms (16) associated with Imperialism : imperialism, protectorate, sphere of influence, paternalistic, elite, sultan, genocide, concession, sepoy , viceroy, deforestation, balance of trade, trade surplus, trade deficit, indemnity, and extraterritoriality

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Imperialism

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  1. Imperialism Define key vocabulary terms (16) associated with Imperialism: imperialism, protectorate, sphere of influence, paternalistic, elite, sultan, genocide, concession, sepoy, viceroy, deforestation, balance of trade, trade surplus, trade deficit, indemnity, and extraterritoriality Identify the following individuals and discuss their significance to nineteenth-century European Imperialism: David Livingstone, Henry Stanley, King Leopold II, Menelik II, Muhammad Ali, Matthew Perry, Mutsuhito, and Mongkut

  2. European Imperialism 1800-1914 • Motives: • Economic Motive (Industry)- • Capitalists in the West desired markets and raw materials. • National Rivalry (Nationalism) • As the relationships between the European nations increased so did the desire to acquire new colonies and territories in order to gain an industrial advantage over the other nations. • Social Darwinism and Racism: • Racism- a belief that some races are by nature superior to others • Social Darwinism- an application of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution of biological traits (natural selection) to society and its institutions.

  3. Imperialism • “All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark upon barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will play a pitiable role in time to come." -Heinrich von Treitschke • “Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.”-Rudyard Kipling- “The White Man’s Burden,” 1899

  4. Territorial Control under Imperialism • provincial colony- a territory that an imperialist power rules over directly (direct rule) • protectorate- a self-governed territory in which an imperialist power determines foreign policy (indirect rule) • sphere of influence- a region of the world in which an imperialist power has exclusive investment and trading rights

  5. “Scramble for Africa”1880-1914

  6. Europe’s Dissection of Africa • North Africa • Geography • Sahara Desert • Mediterranean Sea • Tripoli, Tunis, Algiers, and Morocco • Controlled by the Ottoman Empire in early 1800s • The French in Algiers, Tunis, and Morocco • King Charles X sent soldiers to Algiers to colonize in 1830 • The French went on to conquer Tunis (1881) and Morocco (1905) • Britain in Egypt • Egypt was an independent kingdom ruled by Muhammad Ali in early 1800s • Attempts to modernize Egypt resulted in debt to Europe • The Suez Canal • 1882, Britain seized Egypt and made it a protectorate • The Sudan to the South (Britain v. France) • Italy and Tripoli (modern-day Libya) • Italy was eager to establish a colonial empire • Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire in 1911 • Tripoli became to Italian colony of Libya

  7. Sub-Saharan Africa • Geography • South of the Sahara to the southern tip of the African continent • Varied landscape- mountains, plains, deserts, and rain forests • Numerous independent kingdoms existed in Sub-Saharan Africa in the early 1800s, each having a rich history and culture. Most disappeared after the European dominated the continent by the late 1800s • West Africa • European trade along coast by 1600s • Abolition of the slave trade (1800s) and the decline of W. Africa’s economy • 1870s, European nations pushed inland and dominated the West Africa • Resistance to European domination? • Liberia, established in 1822 by the United States as a colony for freed slaves • Central and East Africa • Congo River and Belgium • East Africa – Germany and Italy • Independent Ethiopia • King Menelik II of Ethiopia and the defeat of Italian invaders at the battle of Adowa

  8. Ethiopia’s King Menelik II and his chiefs

  9. Southern Africa • Cape Colony • The Dutch settled in southern Africa in 1652 and established the port of Cape Town • These Dutch settlers, known as Afrikaners, developed the region, which became Cape Colony • Britain seized Cape Colony during the Napoleonic Wars. The Afrikaners despised British rule and left Cape Colony, migrating to the northeast (the Great Trek) and established two independent states (Transvaal and the Orange Free State) • The Zulu Nation • Afrikaners (Boers) v. Zulu • King Shaka • King Cetywayo, 1879 • Anglo-Boer War, 1899 • Union of South Africa • Britain united Transvaal, the Orange Free State, Cape Colony, and Natal into one state under British rule • Racial equality • Effects of Imperialism on Africa • Economic and Social Effects

  10. The Division of Asia

  11. Great Britain in India • Marco Polo’s influence on European expansion into East Asia • The Travels of Marco Polo, c.1295 • The British East India Company • Britain and France • Battle of Plassey, 1757 • British expansion in India • The SepoyRebellion, 1857 • Why? • Dissolution of the East India Company • A British viceroy in India • The Impact of British rule • Benefits? • Costs? • India’s Quest for Independence • The Indian National Congress, 1885 • Mohandas Gandhi(1869-1948) • India’s Independence, 1947

  12. Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948)

  13. China • The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) • The Unequal Treaties • The Opium Wars (1839-1842) and the Treaty of Nanking • U.S. Open Door Policy • Chinese Resentment of Imperialist Control • The Boxer Rebellion • The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists • Foreign Response • The dissolution of Qing power • The Chinese Revolution of 1911 • Chinese desire for modernization and the formation of a republic • Sun Yat-sen • The United League (1905) • Republic of China (1911)

  14. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • Geography of Southeast Asia • Island Southeast Asia • Mainland Southeast Asia • Early Imperialism • 1500-1900- Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands (the Dutch), Great Britain, France, and the United States • The Dutch East Indies • Resources- rich soil: coffee, sugar, tea • Hardwood trees • Tin and copper • The Dutch culture system • Native revolt in 1825 • The East Indies made the Dutch wealthy and the other imperialist powers envious • The Spanish Philippines • Spanish rule similar to Dutch rule • Filipino revolt in 1896, Emilio Aguinaldo • Spanish-American War, 1898

  15. Mainland Southeast Asia • Great Britain and France in the 1800s • sphere of influence- region of a country in which an imperialist power has exclusive investment and trading rights • Great Britain • Singapore, 1819 • Burma, 1820s • France • Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos • France established complete control over these areas by the1880s • Thailand (Siam) • French invasion of Thailand, 1893 • Thailand made an independent colony, 1896 • King Mongkut (r.1851-1868) • King Chulalongkorn (r.1873-1910) • Destruction and cultural disturbance to Southeast Asia

  16. Imperialism of Japan The Shogun and the Emperor Mathew Perry and U.S. trade, 1854 The Meiji Leaders The Shogun and “unequal treaties” with imperialist powers The samurai and the overthrow of the Shogun in 1865 Emperor Mutsuhito Meiji “Enlightened emperor” The Meiji rulers sought to strengthen Japan to compete with the Western nations “Rich country, strong military” Industrialization 1870s- economic development Revised tax structure Modern currency Infrastructure- railroads, telegraph lines, ports Technology and population growth Japan as a world power Japan’s need for more natural resources and the growth of Japanese imperialism (beginning in the 1890s) Modernization of Japan

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