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Chapter 7 PowerPoint. Europe 1500. Section 1. Section 1 deals with three rulers and three countries that were world powers during the 1500s. France and Henry IV Philip II and Spain Elizabeth Tudor and England. Henry of Navarre---Henry IV. Chapter 7 Section 1 .
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Section 1 • Section 1 deals with three rulers and three countries that were world powers during the 1500s. • France and Henry IV • Philip II and Spain • Elizabeth Tudor and England
Chapter 7 Section 1 • Calvinism and Catholicism had become militant (combative) religions by 1560. Why? • They struggled against each other to convert people to their denomination. • The French civil wars known as the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) were shattering. • The Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. • Civil war raged for 30 years until in 1589 Henry of Navarre, leader of the Huguenots succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. • He converted to Catholicism because he realized that a Protestant would not have the support of French Catholics. • He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 that recognized Catholicism as France’s official religion, but gave the Huguenots the right to worship and to have all political privileges, such as holding office.
Philip II and Militant Catholicism • King Phillip II of Spain (ruler from 1556-1598) was the greatest supporter of militant Catholicism. His reign began a period of cultural and political greatness in Spain. • He wanted to consolidate control over his lands—Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in Italy and the Americas. • He strengthened his control of his domain by making people be strict Catholics. • He viewed Spain as the one country that could save Catholic Christianity from Protestantism. • Philip II became a champion of Catholicism. He formed the Holy League against the Turks. He defeated them at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. • Philip seemed to have built an empire by the time of his death. However, in reality he had bankrupted the country by fighting all the wars that he did.
The England of Elizabeth • Elizabeth Tudor became queen in 1558. Her reign saw England become the leader of the Protestant nations and laid the foundation for becoming a world empire. • Elizabeth quickly tried to resolve religious conflicts. She repealed laws favoring Catholics. She enacted the Act of Supremacy that named her as the “only supreme governor” of church and state----negating the power of the Pope. • She fought a war with Philip II (the devout supporter of Catholicism) in 1588. • The battle is famous because Elizabeth defeated the Spanish with the help of numerous storms. She defeated the Spanish armada (a fleet of warships).
Section 2 Economic and Social Crisis • From 1560-1650, Europe experienced economic and social crises. The biggest was inflation. • The inflation was due to the vast amounts of gold brought in from America. • Why might an influx of currency raise prices? • When a government “prints more money” what are they actually doing to the value of the money they already have?
The Witchcraft Trials • European villages had believed in witchcraft for some time. The Inquisition rounded up suspects and put them on trial often ending in death for the accused. • More than 100,000 people were charged with witchcraft and 75% of these were women. • Accused witches were tortured and confessed to things such as being allied with the devil and casting spells. • The hysteria ended as people realized witches were not real.
The 30 Years War • The 30 Years War was a religious dispute. Calvinism was not recognized by the Peace of Augsburg. • All major European countries but England became involved. • The battles took place on German soil. The Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648. France emerged as the dominant nation in Europe. • The Peace of Westphalia said all German states could decide their own religion and all states in the Holy Roman Empire became independent. • This kills the Holy Roman Empire and Germany would not reunite for 200 years. • The war was Europe’s most destructive war because the flintlock musket was used. This causes standing armies to be used by countries…thus leading to bigger battles.
Revolutions in England • The English Revolution was between the English Parliament and the king to determine the power each would have. • James I believed in the divine rights of kings. Thus, he believed God had given him authority. Parliament wanted equal power to James I. • Charles I (James’ son) began to change religious practices and the people revolted. • Supporters of Charles (Cavaliers or Royalists) fought Parliament (Roundheads). Parliament won bc of the expertise of Oliver Cromwell. • He purged Parliament of anyone who had not supported him and executed Charles I. He set up a commonwealth which became a dictatorship. • After his death, William of Orange and James’s daughter Mary overthrew James II and set up a new monarchy. They accepted a Bill of Rights which limited their power.
Section 3 (France and Louis XIV/Russia and Peter the Great) • Rulers began to turn to absolutism to stabilize their rule. (system in which the ruler has total power). • The best example of 17th century absolutism is Louis XIV of France. • He came to the throne at age four. Many tried to overthrow him, but Cardinal Marazin ruled for him until he got old enough. • He called himself the Sun King—the source of light for his people. • He established a royal court at Versailles. It served three purposes. 1. it was the king’s location 2. it was the location of the chief offices of the state and 3. it was a place where the powerful could find favors and offices for themselves. • He was anti Huguenot—he destroyed their churches and schools. He created a huge army and fought many wars to spread his power. • When he died, he left France full of debt and surrounded by enemies.
Peter the Great • Peter the Great was an absolutist who believed in the divine rights of kings. After returning from a trip to Europe, he realized how behind Russia was in terms of manners, technology, and society. • He sought to modernize Russia. • He forced peasants to serve in the army for 25 years at a time. He introduced European clothes and etiquote and forced Russians to adopt both. • Women gained lots of rights from Peter because they enjoyed a good amount of freedom in Europe. • He built the port city of St. Petersburg. It was the Russian capital until 1917.
