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Solutions Acids and Bases

Learn about solutions, acids, and bases. Dive into the dissociation of water, pH scale, and buffers. Discover how substances interact in various solutions.

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Solutions Acids and Bases

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  1. SolutionsAcids and Bases

  2. Solutions • A solution is a mixture in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance. (Liquids, gases or solids) • The solvent of the solution is the substance in which the solute is dissolved. (Dissolver) • The solute of the solution is the substance being dissolved. (Dissolvee) • Every solution has a concentration, or the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution. • Solutions can become saturated, which means no more of a solute can be dissolved. • Aqueous solutions are when water is the solvent.

  3. Dissociation of Water • Water molecules are constantly moving. • As they move they bump into each other. Sometimes this collision is strong enough to cause a chemical change, where one water loses a hydrogen. • H2O ↔ H+ + OH- • The H+ is known as a proton. • The OH- is known as a hydroxide ion. • The free proton joins with a second water and forms H3O+ which is known as hydronium. • H+ + H2O ↔ H3O+ • Pure water contains equal amounts of OH - and H3O+ • This is why water is neutral.

  4. Acids • Acids have a greater number of hydroniums(and therefore H+) than hydroxides. • HCl (Hydrogen Chloride) is a gas. When dissolved in water: HCl ↔ H+ + Cl- • The free proton can now join with a water to make H3O+ • Most acids have a sour taste, but you should not taste them!!! • Ex: lemons, vinegar, rainwater, soda, stomach acid

  5. Bases • Bases have a greater number of hydroxides than hydroniums. • NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is a solid. When dissolved in water: NaOH ↔ Na+ + OH- • Alkaline refers to bases. • Most bases are bitter tasting, but you should never taste them!!! • Ex: Baking soda, Antacids, soaps

  6. pH • The pH scale measure the amount of H+ in a solution. It runs from 0 – 14 • It runs on a log scale. Therefore, the difference between a pH 2 and a pH 3 is 10. We would say that a pH 2 is 10 times more acidic than a pH 3. • What about a pH 1 and pH 4? • 1000 times

  7. What do the numbers mean? • The pH scale measure the amount of H+ in a solution. • pH X tells us that there is a total of 10-X M [H+] in a solution. • Ex: pH 5 tells us that there is 10-5 M [H+] • From pH we can also figure out pOH. pOH measures the amount of OH- in a solution. • The sum of pH and pOH should always equal 14. Ex: pH 5 means pOH 9 • pOH X tells us that there is a total of 10-X M [OH-] in a solution. • Ex: pOH 9 tells us that there is 10-9 M [OH-]

  8. Buffers • This is important because enzymes work in very narrow pH ranges. • A buffer is any substance that neutralize an acid or a base. • You have natural buffers in your body. Ex: the mucus lining of your stomach buffers the organ from the high acid that is your stomach acid.

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