Urbanization and Immigration

1. Urbanization and Immigration Chapter 25

2. Essential Questions? • How did immigration and industrialization shape urban life? • How did the rapid industrialization of the Gilded Age create economic, social, and political change in the US?

3. Urban Frontier • NY, Chicago, Philadelphia become cities of 1 million people by 1890 • Skyscrapers, elevators, electric trolleys, electricity, plumbing, and telephones allow cities to expand upward and outward. • De jure (by law) and de facto (by common occurrence) segregation creates ethnic neighborhoods in large cities.

5. Urbanization • Brooklyn Bridge an engineering marvel of the day • Department stores and mail order catalogs become influential in urban and rural life • Problems: waste disposal, crime, impure water, animal poo, urban slums, disease infestation, overcrowding, dumbbell tenements

6. Dumbbell Tenements

7. Waste Disposal

8. Old vs. New • Old Immigrants: German, British, Irish • Primary immigrants before Civil War • New Immigrants: Italian, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles, Chinese • Primary immigrants after Civil War • No history of democracy • Different language, religious beliefs, customs • Many feared new couldn’t assimilate

9. Why’d They Come? • Overcrowding in Europe • Unemployment • “Land of Opportunity” • Industrialists welcomed and encouraged. Why?

10. Polish Immigrants

11. Italian Immigrants

12. Reactions to New Immigrants • Political machines used them for their benefit • Settlement Houses: benevolent Americans established these to ease transition. • Jane Addams creates Hull House in Chicago • Women take a leading role in helping these new Americans • Immigrant women enter the work force, mostly as textile workers

13. Reactions to New Immigrants • Nativism rears its ugly head • Fear that immigrants would ruin tradition, mongrelize • Fear of socialism, communism, and anarchism • American Protective Association- anti immigrant • Industrialists new that immigrants were less likely to unionize. Why?

14. Laws Against Immigration • 1882: Chinese Exclusion Act: bans all Chinese immigration • 1882: extremely poor, criminals, and convicts banned • 1885: no foreign workers under contract • 1917: literacy tests Despite these obstacles immigrants poored into US

15. Statue of Liberty • Gift from France • Give me your tired, your poor • Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, • The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.

16. Darwin v. God • Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species • Evolution, natural selection, survival of the fittest • By 1875, most scientist agreed • Clergy rejected • Word of God Infalliable • Many began to combine Darwin with religious thought • Creative Design

17. Charles Darwin

18. Learnin’ and Such • Tax-supported elementary schools are compulsory during this era. • High schools and textbooks from tax dollars are on the rise • “Normal schools” = teacher schools increase • Private Catholic schools • Cities offered better educational opportunities than the country

19. Different Responses to Segregation • Booker T. Washington • Born a slave • Built the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama • Taught AA trades such as agriculture to help them achieve economic independence • Often avoided the issue of social and political equality • 1st: make AA economically healthy • 2nd: Reach for political and civil rights

20. Different Responses to Segregation • Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois • From a upper middle class AA family • 1st AA to graduate from Harvard • Demanded immediately inclusion of AA in the social, economic, and political aspects of US. • Founder of the NAACP, editor of The Crisis • Called Washington and “Uncle Tom” • Late in life he denounced US citizenship

21. Why Were They so Different? Booker T. Washington Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois

22. Mr. Peanut • George Washington Carver • Professor of agriculture at Tuskegee • World renounced chemist • Discovered hundreds of uses for peanuts • Helped revitalize southern farming

23. College Education • Colleges increase after Civil War • More women and minorities attend segregated and all-girls schools • Morrill Act: 1862, gave federal land to states for military and agricultural schools (Land-grant schools)

24. Other Schools • Religious colleges flourished: Wake Forest • New Industrialization demanded vocational training • Medical schools became legitimate and increased: Duke

25. What Cha’ Readin’ • Library of Congress builds a 13 acre building • Public Libraries expand across the nation • Andrew Carnegie donates millions to libraries • Newspaper circulation increases • Sensationalism sells papers: sex, scandals, snooping • Know: William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer: prominent editors of this era • Yellow Journalism: down playing legitimate news in favor of sensational stories

26. Activote • 1. Who was a prominent immigration reformer? • A. Ida B. Wells • B. Carrie Nation • C. Susan B. Anthony • D. Jane Addams • E. Joseph Pulitzer

27. Activote • 2. Which group is considered “new immigrants”? • A. Slovaks • B. Swedish • C. British • D. Germans • E. irish

28. Activote • 3. Who was called an “accomodationist” by rivals? • A. WEB DuBois • B. Booker Washington • C. BarackObama • D. George W. Carver • E. Marcus Garvey

29. Activote • 4. What law created “land-grant” colleges? • A. Homestead Act • B. Interstate Commerce Act • C. Sherman Anti-Trust Act • D. Land-Grant Act • E. Morrill Act

30. Activote • 5. Who used yellow journalism to their advantage? • A. Booker Washington • B. William McKinley • C. Andrew Carnegie • D. William R. Hearst • E. Terrence Hearst