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Radio Merit Badge

Radio Merit Badge. JOTA 2012. Counselor Information. Mr. Steve Back Amateur Radio Extra Class Operator Call sign: WB2OGY Authorized Volunteer Examiner (VE) with W5YI and ARRL COR for Venture Crew 73, chartered by the Gwinnett Amateur Radio Society Email: sb@sback.org

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Radio Merit Badge

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  1. Radio Merit Badge JOTA 2012

  2. Counselor Information • Mr. Steve Back • Amateur Radio Extra Class Operator • Call sign: WB2OGY • Authorized Volunteer Examiner (VE) with W5YI and ARRL • COR for Venture Crew 73, chartered by the Gwinnett Amateur Radio Society • Email: sb@sback.org • Phone: 770 712 9069 2

  3. Example Slide 9a4 • Some stuff • Some more stuff Worksheet Clue The number in this circle matches a section on your worksheet. Use this clue to fill in your worksheet as we go. 3

  4. Radio Merit Badge Section 1 - Radio Basics

  5. Section 1 Topics • What is Radio? • Types of Radio Services • Regulations • Call Signs & Identification • Electromagnetic Spectrum and Radio Frequency Assignments • Propagation 5 5

  6. What is Radio ? 1 • A way to electronically communicate from one place to another without wires. • Used in • FM radios • Walkie talkies • TV • Cell phones • Wi-Fi • BlueTooth 6 6

  7. Types of Radio Service 1a • Broadcast • One-way transmissions to the public. • Commercial Radio • Two-way communication • Local agencies and private companies • Hobby Radio • Communicate with others or control models. • Amateur Radio • Family Radio Service (walkie-talkies) 7

  8. NOAA Weather Radio • Broadcast radio service • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration • Continuous Weather Forecasts & Warnings • Essential for boating, hiking and camping. • Most Ham radios can also receive this. • Specific Area Alert Encoding (SAME) 8

  9. Local and DX Stations 2b • Local station • Located in the same country or region • DX station • Located outside the country or region 9

  10. Two-Way Radios 1b • Radios that both send (transmit) and receive messages. • Examples • Walkie-talkies • Amateur Radio • Citizen Band Radio (CB) • Cell phones • Fire, police, aviation, marine, military 10 10

  11. Regulation of Radio 2b • FCC(USA) • Federal Communication Commission • Set Frequency Assignments in US. • Issues Licenses & Call Signs. • Enforces Radio Laws in the US. • ITU(Other Countries) • International Telecommunication Union • Meets every few years. • Sets International Frequency assignments. • Assigns prefixes to countries. 11

  12. Radio Call Signs 1c • A short identification which shows you have a license to transmit • Indicates station’s identity and country of origin • Assigned by the FCC in US • Broadcast Call Signs • WSB, KDKA, KORA, WNBC • Ham Call Signs • WW3Y, KB3BOY, WW9Y, N3YVH, JA1ABC 12

  13. Some Call Sign Prefixes 13

  14. Station Identification Rules 1c • Broadcasters • Once per hour. • Amateurs • Every ten minutes • At end of a conversation. 14 14

  15. Radio Waves 3 • Electromagnetic energy • Travels at the speed of light 15

  16. Radio Waves 3 16

  17. Frequencies(One Hertz is one cycle per second) 3 • DC Power • AC Power • Audio (Sound) • LF • MF • HF or Shortwave • VHF • UHF • Microwave • Visible Light • 0 Hertz (goes in one direction only) • 60 Hertz (Hz) • 100 Hz to 20 KHz (100 - 20,000 Hz) • 30-300 kHz (30,000-300,000) • .3-3 MHz (300,000-3,000,000) • 3-30 MHz (3,000,000-30,000,000) • 30-300 MHz (30,000,000-300,000,000) • 300-3,000 MHz (well, you get the idea) • Frequencies above 500 MHz • 400-800 THz (400,000,000- 800,000,000 MHz) 17

  18. Radio Frequency Assignments 3c • AM Broadcast Radio • FM Broadcast Radio • Short Wave Broadcast • Television Broadcast • CB Radio • Police Radio • Amateur Radio • 540 - 1600 kHz • 88 - 108 MHz • 5 - 22 MHz • Channel 2 = 54-60 MHz • 27 MHz • 450-470 MHz • 3.5, 7.5, 10, 15, 21, 30, 50, 146 MHz 80, 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, 6, 2 meters Freq=C/meters C=300,000,000 or Freq (MHz)= 300/meters 18

  19. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 3b Medium Frequency (MF) High Frequency (HF) Very High Frequency (VHF) Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 19

  20. How High Frequency (HF) Radio Waves Travel (Propagation) 2a 20

  21. VHF & UHF Propagation 2a • VHF and higher frequency waves are limited to line of sight 21

  22. VHF Propagation with Repeaters 2a • Range of very high frequency waves can be extended with a repeater 22

  23. NIST WWV and WWVH 2a • Provides accurate frequencies, time, and HF propagation forecasts. • WWV & WWVH transmit on 5,10,15 and 20 MHz • WWV is in Ft Collins, Colorado. WWVH is in Kauai, Hawaii • Propagation info can be used to determine from where in the world signals can be received 23

  24. Radio Merit Badge Section 2 - Amateur Radio

  25. Section 2 Topics • What is Amateur Radio? • Amateur Radio Licenses • Types of Amateur Stations • Amateur Radio Activities • Q Signals and Abbreviations • Emergency Procedures • Call Signs and Station Identification • Phonetic Alphabet • Making and Logging Contacts 25

  26. What is Amateur Radio? 9a1 • A type of two-way hobby radio • Cannot be used for profit. • A place to learn about radio! • Also known as “Ham Radio”. • An important part of disaster response. • A lot of fun! 26 26

  27. Why does the FCC have an Amateur Radio Service? 9a1 • Volunteer service • International goodwill • Experimentation • Communication skills • Self-training • Emergency communication 27

  28. Amateur Radio License Classes 9a4 • Technician Class • General Class • Extra Class 28 28

  29. Technician Class License 9a4 • Entry level license. • 35 question multiple choice test • Full VHF & UHF privileges, • Radio merit badge covers half of the test! • Books available with all the possible questions and answers. • Practice tests can be found at: • QRZ web page: WWW.QRZ.COM 29 29

  30. Who gives Amateur Radio Exams? 9a4 • Volunteer Examiners (VEs) give the exams for the FCC. • Exams and free study classes are given by local radio clubs • The Gwinnett Amateur Radio Society • The Atlanta Radio Club • Lots of other information on ham radio can be found at the ARRL web page: • www.arrl.org 30

  31. Amateur Radio Activities 9a1 • Jamboree On The Air (JOTA) • DX • Contests • Service at parades & special events • Emergency communication • Skywarn • Camping communications 31

  32. Ham Radio Station Types 9a6 • Handheld radios (HT) • Base station radios • Mobile radios • Repeaters • Which kind of radio is best? 32

  33. Repeaters 9a6 • Receive on one frequency and transmit on another. • Usually in the VHF and UHF bands • Allow much longer range for small radios. • Located on mountains, towers, buildings and in space. 146.07 MHz Input 146.67 MHz Output 146.67 MHz Output 146.07 MHz Input 33

  34. QRM Man-made interference QRN Natural noise or interference QRP Low Power (< five watts) QRS Slow down Morse code speed QRT Quitting - off the air QSB Signal is fading QSL Acknowledge receipt (card) QSO Conversation ("cue-so") QSY Change frequency QTH Location (think H for Home) Log Record of QSOs CW Morse code (means Continuous Wave) DX Distant (foreign stations) CQ Calling any station ("seek you") OM Old man (male ham) YL Young lady (female ham) Rig Radio Shack Room the radio is in HI Laugh in Morse code 73, 88 Best regards, love and kisses Q Signals & Amateur Terms 9a3 34

  35. Emergency Radio Calls 9a5 • Speak clearly and give complete information • "MAYDAY" or "EMERGENCY“ • May need to find high ground • Morse code SOS • di-di-dit dah-dah-dah di-di-dit 35 35

  36. Call Signs & Station Identification Rules • Call Sign • Initially assigned by FCC • Can be changed later (vanity call sign) • Station Identification • Every ten minutes • At the end of a conversation. • When audio conditions are poor, use phonetic call letters. 36 36

  37. Letter Pronunciation Letter Pronunciation November (no VEM ber) A Alfa (AL fah) N Bravo (BRAH VOH) B O Oscar (OSS cah) C Charlie (CHAR lee) Papa (pah PAH) P Delta (DELL tah) Quebec (keh BECK) D Q E Echo (ECK oh) Romeo (ROW me oh) R Foxtrot (FOKS trot) Sierra (see AIR rah) F S Golf (GOLF) Tango (TANG go) G T U Uniform (YOU nee form) H Hotel (hoh TELL) India (IN dee ah) Victor (VIK tah) I V Juliet (JEW lee ETT) Whiskey (WISS key) J W Kilo (KEY loh) X Ray (ECKS RAY) K X Lima (LEE mah) Yankee (YANG key) L Y Mike (MIKE) M Z Zulu (ZOO loo) Phonetic Alphabet 1d 37

  38. Calling and Answering CQ 9a2 38 38

  39. Log Book Essentials 9a2 39

  40. Radio Merit Badge Section 3 - Radio Theory

  41. Section 3 Topics • Conductors and Insulators • Types of Electrical Circuits • Schematic Diagrams • Electronic Components and Symbols • Radio Safety • Block Diagrams of Radios • How Radio Carries Information 41

  42. Conductors & Insulators • Conductors conduct (carry) electricity. • Most Metals • Many Liquids • Insulators insulate (don’t carry) electricity. • Air • Most Rubber and Plastics • Most Ceramics • Wood and cloth (when dry) 42 42

  43. Types of Electrical Circuits 5c • Closed Circuit • Circuit is complete. • Electricity flows • Open Circuit • Circuit is incomplete. • Electricity doesn’t flow. • Short Circuit • Circuit is complete through an unplanned shortcut. • Electricity flows where it shouldn’t! • Dangerous – parts can get hot, start fires or even explode! 43

  44. Schematic Diagram 5a Shows how to build a radio from components. 44

  45. Fuse Contains a thin wire which is made to melt which protects the rest of the circuit from damage if there is too much current from a short circuit. Battery Stores electric energy. Resistor Resists the flow of electric current, reducing its flow. Variable resistor Like a regular resistor, but adjustable. For example, the volume knob on your stereo. Earth ground A connection between the equipment (radio) and the earth, usually through a copper pipe driven into the soil. Chassis ground A connection of the negative side of the electronic circuit to the chassis, or steel frame, of the equipment. Schematic Symbols 5d 45

  46. Capacitor Gets and stores an electric charge. Lets alternating current (AC - like in your house) flow but stops direct current (DC - like from a battery). Variable capacitor Same as a regular capacitor, but adjustable. NPN transistor Amplifies a current. PNP transistor Amplifies a current. Coil Also called a choke, it works the opposite of a capacitor. It lets DC flow but stops AC. Tube A vacuum tube made of glass with wire filaments inside. Amplifies a current. It has been replaced by transistors in most home equipment, but is still found in some high power radio transmitters. Schematic Symbols (cont) 5d 46

  47. Antenna Sends radio frequency signals into the air. SPST switch Single-pole single-throw switch. Has two positions, on and off. Like most light switches DPDT switch Double-pole double-throw switch. A double-throw switch has three positions. It can switch one input to one of two outputs - sort of like the switch you put on your television to switch between watching TV and playing your video game. The double-pole means it can switch a pair of inputs to either of two pairs of outputs. Schematic Symbols (cont) 5d 47

  48. Radio Safety 6 • Electrical shock can hurt or kill • Some parts of a radio are dangerous with the power off • Radio Frequency (RF) energy can burn • Strong RF radiation can be unhealthy • Make sure antennas can't touch any power lines • Ground radio and antenna to protect from lightning • Follow safety procedures when working on towers and roofs 48 48

  49. Simple Radio Block Diagram 5b Antenna Microphone Transceiver Amplifier Tuner Shows how station components are connected together. Key/Paddle TNC Computer 49

  50. How Radios Send and Receive Information 4 • Microphone • Audio or Digital signal input • Transmitter • Creates an RF “carrier” • Modulates the carrier • Receiver • Receives a radio signal • Demodulates the carrier • Transceiver • Both a transmitter and receiver in one box • Amplifier • Increases RF signal power • Tuner • Matches transmitter to antenna • Feed line • Provides path to antenna • Antenna • Radiates RF signal • Key or Paddle • For sending Morse code • TNC (Terminal Node Controller) Microphone Transceiver Amplifier Tuner Key/Paddle TNC Computer 50

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