Age of Industry

1. Age of Industry

2. Pre-Industrialization • Majority of Europeans were farmers • Rely on the seasons and religion to measure time • Small families (1 in 3 children died before 1 yr. old • Average life expectancy of 40 yrs • Only 25% of Europeans lived in towns • Village Life: • Controlled by wealthy landowners • Village commons for farming, hunting, grazing, etc. • Limited transportation (difficult and unprofitable) • Daily activities revolved around farming traditions • Inconsistent harvests (abundant or disastrous)

3. Early Industry • Many worked in mines during “off-season” • Provided steadier income than just farming • Domestic System: network of workers who produced commodities at home • Each did a specific job • Set their own hours/breaks • Became the foundation for the Industrial Rev. • Enclosure Movement: British farmers were allowed to fence off private property • Did away with the “village commons” • Farmers were forced to move to cities to find work

4. Great Britain Leads the Way • Successful farmers were able to invest in growing industry (provided capital) • Landowners profited from farming, overseas commerce, and slave trade • Industry provided to avenues of investment (entrepreneurs - investors) • Parliament passed laws to help businesses • Natural Resources: • Network of rivers (power and transportation) • Supplies of iron and coal • Large population for workforce

5. Growth of Textile Industry • High demand for cooler, lighter clothes • Domestic system could not meet demand • Advances in Machinery • James Hargreaves: invented “spinning jenny” • Richard Arkwright: developed the water frame • Samuel Crompton: combined water frame and spinning jenny into a “spinning mule” • Producing more cloth • Edmund Cartwright: developed the power loom • Eli Whitney: invented the cotton gin (1793); interchangeable parts • James Watt: designed the steam engine (1760s)

6. Growth of Big Business • Industrial capitalism: continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses • Mass Production: • Frederick Taylor: division of labor (specific jobs) • Henry Ford: assembly line to mass produce cars • Organizing Business: • Partnerships: 2 or more entrepreneurs able to raise more capital than individually • Corporations: businesses owned by stockholders • Business Cycles: • Businesses concentrated on production of particular products • “Boom”, “Bust”, and “Depression”

7. Science and Industry • Communication • Samuel Morse: inventor of the telegraph (1830s) • Alexander G. Bell: invented the telephone (1876) • Guglielmo Marconi: invented wireless telegraph • Electricity • Michael Faraday: concept of electricity (1831) • Thomas A. Edison: developed phonograph and incandescent light bulb – cheap electric lighting • Energy and Engines • Rudolf Diesel: oil-burning combustion engine • Wright brothers: first successful flight with motorized airplane (1903) – 100 miles by 1908

8. A New Society • Rise of Middle Class • “Rags to Riches” – humble beginning to success • Middle Class gained wealth, power, and size • Strong belief in education – take over family business • Men = workplace; Women = home and children • Magazines offered new ways to shop and advertise • Lives of Working Class • Farm laborers became industrial laborers • Needed to make money not food to survive • All members of working class families worked

9. At the Mercy of the Machine • Workplace became very dangerous • Owners wanted higher profits – lower costs • Combination of monotony, heavy machines led to injury and death • 10 to 14 hour work days, unventilated rooms • Women and children forced to work long hours • Rise of Unions • Workers representation: higher wages, less hours • Combination Acts (1799 & 1800): Parliament banned labor unions • 1820: Parliament agreed to allow collective bargaining

10. Cultural Revolution Cultural changes in the economics, sciences, and arts between 1750 and 1915 Beethoven Monet Dickens

11. Capitalism • Laissez-faire – economy in which the govt. maintains a “hands-off” approach • 1800s – business owners support laissez-faire • Physiocrats – French thinkers; valued land above all else in the economy • Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations (1776) • Economy works best when supply and demand are not influenced by the government • Thomas Malthus – Anglican minister • An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) • David Ricardo – “iron law of wages” • Wages would not increase with economic competition

12. A Better Society • Evangelicalism – joined personal faith with social improvement (late 1700s – early 1800s) • William Wilberforce – member of Parliament • 1807: passed a bill ending British slave trade • 1833: Slavery abolished in British Empire • Lord Shaftesbury – promoted laws to limit the working hours of women and children • 1830s-1840s: Parliament passed the Factory Laws • Utilitarianism – Society should work for “the greatest happiness of the greatest number” • John Stuart Mill – “freedom of thought and discussion promoted social progress…” – On Liberty (1859)

13. Rise of Socialism • Socialism –the means of production should be owned and controlled by society • Robert Owen – “competition causes social problems” – cooperation replaces competition • Model industrial society – New Lanark • Karl Marx – promoted communism • Influenced by Engels’ The Condition of the Working Class in England • “changing ideas were the major force in history” • History advances through conflict • Stages of economic life: • primitive, slave, feudal, capitalism, communism

14. Scientific Advances • Evolution – theory that all plants and animals descend from a common ancestor • Theodor Schwann (cell theory) • Charles Darwin (survival of the fittest) • Genetics: science of heredity • Gregor Mendel (gene theory) • Medicine: finding cures for disease • Edward Jenner: vaccine for smallpox (cowpox) • Louis Pasteur: discovered bacteria; it could be killed (pasteurization) • Surgery: first use of anesthetics (ether/chloroform)

15. Physics: • Atomic theory: all matter is made up of atoms • John Dalton: elements are made up of unique atoms, different from other elements • Marie & Pierre Curie: discovered radium which is a radioactive element that emits energy • Max Planck: theorized that energy is released in quanta • Social Sciences: • Sociology – study of human behavior in groups • Psychology – study of behavior in individuals • Ivan Pavlov – actions could be changed by training • Sigmund Freud – unconscious mind govs. behavior

16. Pop Culture • Improved Living Conditions • Higher life expectancy (infant death rate dropped) • Medical advances enabled a longer, healthier life • More variety/quantity of food (refrigeration) • Seeking a Better Life • Emigration: leaving one’s homeland to settle elsewhere • Immigration: settling permanently in a foreign land • Expansion of Transportation (railroads & steamboats) • Growth of Cities (urbanization) • Many migrated from rural areas to cities • Families grew larger to provide for a higher income • City populations outgrew housing accommodations

17. Education • Early 1800s – govt. began running schools • Train in citizenship and nationalism • Improve children’s chance for a better life • Education for Women • Mary Lyon – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (MA) • 1874: Parliament allowed women to become doctors • Results of Education • Made books and magazines popular • Growth of museums and libraries

18. Revolution in the Arts • Growing middle-class created larger audience • Romanticism: human emotion and imagination over reason – inspired by Rousseau • Artists portrayed/celebrated simple life (of peasants) • Ch. Baudelaire – “Romanticism is precisely situated… in a way of feeling.” (not subject or truth) • Music: Beethoven and Tchaikovsky • Literature: Victor Hugo’s Hunchback of Notre Dame • Realism – portray life realistically – G. Courbet • Literature: Dickens’ Hard Times; Tolstoy’s War & Peace • Symbolism: world of shadowy images evoked by symbols – focus on the exotic and the spirit

19. New Trends in Painting • Impressionism – focused on the momentary impression of the subject on their senses • Claude Monet: idealized women & children in outdoor settings • Postimpressionism – formed independent styles to express the chaos around them • Georges Seurat: pointillism (3-D effect) • Vincent Van Gogh: brilliant colors & distorted form