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9. Chapter 1 The Ancient Near East: The First Civilizations

10. Timeline

11. The First Humans • Hominids • Australopithecines (3-4 million years ago; simple stone tools; limited to Africa) • Homo Erectus (1.5 million years ago; larger, more varied tools; moves into Europe and Asia) • Homo Sapiens (“wise human being”) • Neanderthals, (c. 100,000 – 30,000 years ago) • Neander Valley in Germany, other parts of Europe and Middle East • More advanced stone tools; burial of the dead • Homo Sapiens Sapiens, (c. 200,000 B.C. – Present) • “Wise, wise human being” • Replaced Neanderthals • Spread throughout the world

12. Map 1.1: The Spread of Homo Sapiens Sapiens

13. The Hunter Gatherers of the Old Stone Age • Paleolithic Age, (c. 2.5 million years ago – 10,000 years ago) • Hunting and Gathering • Nomadic Bands (20 – 30 people) • Division of labor between men and women • Discovery of Fire (c. 500,000 B.C.) • Source of light and heat; cooking of food • Cultural activities notably cave paintings

14. Neolithic Revolution(c. 10,000 – 4000 B.C.) • Agricultural Revolution • Move from hunting and gathering toward systematic growing of food • Consequences of Neolithic Revolution • Permanent Settlements (Çatal Hüyük) • Trade • Specialized Division of Labor • Improved Tools • Domestication of Animals • Development of Writing • Use of Metals • Copper + Tin = Bronze • Bronze Age (c. 3000 B.C. – c. 1200 B.C.)

15. The Emergence of Civilization • Six Characteristics of Civilization • Urban Focus – Cities become very important • Distinct Religious Structure (gods; priests) • Political and Military Structures (bureaucracy; armies) • Social structure based on economic power • Writing – Record keeping • Artistic and Intellectual Activity

16. Civilization in Mesopotamia • The City State of Ancient Mesopotamia • Begins at Sumer (c. 3000 B.C.) • City States (Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Umma, Lagash) • Temples to the gods / Ziggurats • Theocracy (gods rule the cities through priests) • Kingship (divine in Origin) • Economy primarily agricultural • Some trade • Three Major Social Groups • Nobles, Commoners, and Slaves

17. Map 1.2: The Ancient Near East

18. Empires in Ancient Mesopotamia • Early Dynastic Age (c. 3000 – 2340 B.C.) • Instability; warfare between city states • Akkadian Empire (c. 2340 – c. 2100 B.C.) • Sargon • Third Dynasty of Ur (c. 2112 – 2000 B.C.) • Amorites • Hammurabi (1792 – 1750 B.C.)

19. Code of Hammurabi • 282 Laws • Strict Justice / Severe Penalties • Principle of Retaliation • Responsibility of Public Officials • Consumer Protections • Agriculture and Trade • Family / Marriage / Domestic Affairs

20. Culture of Mesopotamia • The Importance of Religion • City State linked to god or goddess. • Epic of Gilgamesh • Polytheistic (belief in many gods) • Human beings subservient to gods • Divination • Cultivation of New Arts and Sciences • Writing, (c. 3000 B.C.) • cuneiform = “wedge-shaped” • Record Keeping; Past Events; Literature • Mathematics • Number System based on 60 • Geometry • Astronomy

21. The Development of Cuneiform

22. Egyptian Civilization:“The Gift of the Nile” • Nile River • Annual, predictable flooding • Food Surplus • Transportation • Security • Changelessness

23. Mud and thatch wall of Egyptian farmhouse in the Nile River Valley.

24. Map 1.3: Ancient Egypt

25. The Old and Middle Kingdoms • Upper and Lower Egypt United (c. 3100 B.C.) • Old Kingdom (c. 2686 – 2125) • Prosperity and Stability • Pharaohs (Divine Kings) • Absolute Rulers • Ma’at • Bureaucracy – Vizier • Nomes (Provinces) • First Intermediate Period (c. 2125 – 2055 B.C.) • Middle Kingdom (c. 2055 – 1650 B .C.) • Changing Role of Pharaoh

26. Society and Economy in Ancient Egypt • Organized Hierarchically • Pharaoh at the top • Upper Class (Nobles and Priests) • Merchants and Artisans • Trade • Lower Class; Serfs • Majority of population • Bound to land • Tax payers • Military service; labor force

27. Culture of Egypt • Spiritual Life and Egyptian Society • Religion • Sun Cult (Atum; Re) • Osiris, Isis, and Seth • Book of the Dead • Pyramids • City of the Dead • Physical Body / Spiritual Body (Ka) • Mummification • Great Pyramid at Giza (c. 2540 B.C.) • Art and Writing • Functional / Integral in ritual • Art Formulaic • Writing (Hieroglyphs)

28. Osiris as Judge of the Dead

29. Chaos and a New Order: The New Kingdom • Second Intermediate Period (c. 1650 – c. 1550 B.C.) • Hyksos Invasion • Bronze Age • New Methods of Warfare • New Kingdom (c. 1550 – 1085 B.C.) • Militarism and Imperialism • Amenhotep IV (c. 1364 – 1347 B.C.) • Worship of Aten (god of the sun disk) • Tutankhamen (1347 – 1338 B.C.) • Restoration of old gods • Rameses II (c. 1279 – 1213 B.C.) • Decline (after 1085 B.C.)

30. Nubians in Egypt

31. Life in Ancient Egypt • Marriage • Husband – master of the house • Wife – head of the household; education of children • Women • Labor • Hatshepsut • Arranged Marriages • Reproduction • Love • Divorce allowed • Adultery strictly prohibited

32. On the Fringes of Civilization • Farming established in Europe (4000 B.C.) • Megalithic Structures • Built around 4000 B.C. • Most famous is Stonehenge in England • Required coordination of labor for construction

33. The Impact of the Indo-Europeans • Indo-European Languages • Homeland • Migrations (c. 2000 B.C.)

34. Table 1.2: Some Indo-European Languages

35. Map 1.4: The Egyptian and Hittite Empires

36. The Hittite Empire • Rise and Fall of the Hittite Empire • Suppiluliumas I (c. 1370 – 1330 B.C.) • Relations with Egypt • Reasons for fall • Assimilation of other cultures

37. Discussion Questions • What were some of the key characteristics that separated homo sapiens sapiens from other early hominids? • What were the reasons behind the Neolithic Revolution? • Why is Mesopotamia called the Cradle of Civilization? • What does the Code of Hammurabi tell us about Mesopotamian society? • What role did the Nile River play in the development of Egyptian civilization? • Why was Egyptian civilization so centered on death and dying? • What function did women play in Mesopotamian society? • What does the existence of megalithic structures tell us about the societies that built them?

38. Web Links • Becoming Human • Exploring Ancient World Cultures: The Ancient Near East • Creative Impulse: Mesopotamia • The British Museum: Ancient Egypt • Daily Life in Ancient Egypt • Death and Burial in Egypt