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morphology introduction

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morphology introduction

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    1. 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton 1 Morphology Introduction Class 2 (Bickford Ch 2-3)

    2. 2 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Mondays Swahili problem From: Jensen, John T. 1990. Morphology: Word Structure in Generative Grammar in Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 70. John Benjamins

    3. 3 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology modern day use of morphology (cartoon part 1)

    4. 4 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology modern day use of morphology (cartoon part 2)

    5. 5 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Haspelmath 2002. Understanding Morphology Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words. one of the oldest sub-disciplines of grammar as far as we know, the first linguists were primarily morphologists. The earliest grammatical texts are well-structured lists of morpological forms of Sumerian words. (from Ancient Mesopotamia ~ 1600 BC.

    6. 6 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Morphology is also one of the newest Generally until the 19th century, Western linguists often thought of grammar as consisting primarily of word structure. Possibly because the classical languages [e.g. Greek and Latin] were very morphologically rich

    7. 7 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology The sub-discipline of Morphology is also one of the newest in Linguistics because previously there was not a term for it as the study itself was just considered the study of grammar. grammar mostly evoked word structure phonology ? sound structure & syntax ? sentence structure had been around for centuries before the term morphology was introduced.

    8. 8 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Qualification of initial definitions: words have internal structure in two very different senses. they are made up of sequences of sounds (or gestures as in sign language) internal phonological structure nuts [n^ts] contrast with guts, shuts, (also nets, notes, nights, etc.) the segments [n] or [t] cannot be assigned a specific meaning but are purely contrastive However these all (except shuts) share the [-s] that gives them a related meaning of plural

    9. 9 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Words made of multiple morphemes are called (morphologically) complex words compare nut-s with lapse thus morpological structure exitsts if there are groups fo words that show identical partial resemblances in both form and meaning

    10. 10 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Def 1: Morphology is the study of systematic co-variation in the form and meaning of words. (co-variation must exists in groups: so a pair such as hear and ear are not morphologically structured or related * h-ear ? h + ear where h = the act of doing something with a body part. h + eye != see/look/ etc h + elbow != to use an elbow to jab a person sitting next to you.

    11. 11 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Morphological analysis typically consists of the identification of parts of words, or, more technically, constituents of words. nuts = two constituents the stem nut and the element s The smallest meaningful constituents of words that can be identified are called morphemes. break-ing hope-less re-write, ear-plug-s, morpho-logic-ally

    12. 12 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Def 2: Morphology is the study of the combination of morphemes to yield words. (NOTE: this more simplistic definition does not always work as well as Def 1.)

    13. 13 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Haspelmath p8: possible descriptive architecture for grammar

    14. 14 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Bickford 1998. Tools for Analyzing the Worlds Languages CH 2: Standard Grammatical Terminology handout Ch 3: Morphemes and Hypotheses Jerebo / Swahili / examples from Chichewa

    15. 15 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology modern day use of morphology (commercials) Kia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbpNHhgQg6c Target More less http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIngBoWdLBw Target hello goodbuy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jYyXVcU5OM

    16. 16 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology In class practice: Jerebo (Peru) nunsa a little canoe nunsawek my little canoe wilasa a little child tulapen your leg pideknen his house pideklusa houses pidekpenlusa your houses

    17. 17 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Linguistic analysis involves forming a hypothesis (or precise educated guess) about the data. The hypothesis must be checked against all the data. Further data may confirm or contradict the hypothesis consider Swahili

    18. 18 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology consider Swahili below: ana-taka he is wanting ana-jaribu he is trying ana-kuja he is coming ana-piga he is beating (someone) from this data set it would appear that ana- could be the 3rdP Sg morpheme. However, lets look at more data.

    19. 19 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology ana-taka he is wanting ana-jaribu he is trying ana-kuja he is coming ana-piga he is beating (someone) However, lets look at more data. ninakuja I am coming alitaka he wanted now we see that our original hypothesis might be incorrect

    20. 20 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology lets look at some examples of a highly morphologically rich language Chichewa A Bantu Language Spoken in South East Africa Is a national language in Malawi

    21. 21 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Verb Morphology 1 uses both inflectional and derivational affixes typically PFX are inflectional & SFX are derivational. General PFX ordering* for main (root) clause: VERB: sitidzangomumeny NEG SUBJagrMkr TNS ASP OBJagrMkr Vstem si ti dza ngo mu meny not we FUT modal him hit we will not just hit him *(tone removed) PFX ordering does not seem to change (in cases were Verb is in subordinate clause SUBJ precedes NEG)

    22. 22 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Mental Schemas

    23. 23 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Verb Morphology 2 Dissection of the Chichewa Verb: PFX - [-ObjMkr- [ROOT -EXT* FV]stem ]macro stem only root and fv are obligatory PFX = (NEG- SuMkr- NEG- TnsMkr- ASP*-) *there can be more than one EXT or ASP affix -EXT = extension or derivational SFX FV = all verbs end with a Final Vowel (usually -a, for subjunctive it is -) All verbs must be 2 syllable minimum ex: -ph- kill ? i - ph - a kill! imperative (epenthetic [i] +STEM +FV)

    24. 24 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Examples of PFX and SFX: *(tone removed) Mkango sunakangowaphwanya maungo Mkango s-u-na-ka-ngo-wa-phwany-a maungoThe lion did not just go and smash them, the pumpkins Mikango imamenyanirana pa chulu Mikango i-ma-meny-an-ir-an-a pa chulu The lions hit each other on an anthill Verb Morphology 3

    25. 25 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Verb Morphology 3 Examples of PFX and SFX: *(tone removed) Mkango s-u-na-ka-ngo-wa-phwany-a maungo 3-lion NEG-3SM-PST-just-go-6OM-smash-fv 6-pumpkins The lion did not just go and smash them, the pumpkins ASP V-root EXT Mikango i-ma-meny-an-ir-an-a pa chulu 4-lions 4SM-hab-hit-recip-appl-recip-fv 16-on 7-anthill The lions hit each other on an anthill

    26. 26 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Suffixes causative -its (-ets) applicative -ir (-er) instrumental-applicative locative-applicative passive -idw (-edw) stative -ik (-ek) reciprocal -an reversive* -ul (is no longer productive)

    27. 27 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Examples Of Extensions 1 CAUSITIVE Makanto u-ku-phwany-its-a chigawenga maungu. 3-lion 3SM-pres-smash-caus-fv 7-terrorist 6-pumpkins The lion is making the terrorist smash pumpkins APPLICATIVE (FOR ben, WITH inst, ON loc) Kalulu a-ku-phik-ir-a mkango maungu. 1a-hare 1SM-pres-cook-appl-fv 3-lion 6-pumpkins The hare is cooking (for) the lion some pumpkins

    28. 28 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Examples Of Extensions 2 RECPRICAL Mikanto i-ku-phwany-an-a. 4-lions 4SM-pres-smash-recip-fv The lions are smashing each other PASSIVE Maungu a-ku-phik-idw-a (ndi Kalulu). 6-pumpkins 6SM-pres-cook-pass-fv (by 1a-hare) The pumpkins are being cooked (for) (by the hare)

    29. 29 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Reversive: No Longer Productive tesk-a shut tsek-ul-a open v-al-a dress up v-ul-a undress mat-a stick (verb) mat-ul-a to remove from surface kwer-a climb up *kwer-ul-a climb down *gwed-a gwed-ul-a dismantle *gum-a gum-ul-a demolish

    30. 30 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Morph-ology Table 1.1 Noun classes in Chichewa Class Prefix Subj marker Obj marker rough description SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL 1 2 m(u)- a- a- a- m(u) wa animate 3 4 m(u)- mi- u- i- u i less animate 5 6 *li- ma- li- a- li wa nature 7 8 chi- zi- chi- zi- chi zi Adjectives? 9 10 *N- *N- i- zi- i zi things/traits 12 13 ka- ti- ka- ti- ka ti dim/loc 14 6 u- ma- u a u wa 15 ku- ku ku INF 16 pa- pa pa preposition 17 ku- ku ku prep 18 m(u)- m(u) m(u) 1a (those things found in one but whose nouns lack m(u) pfx (ex kalulu sg hare akalulu pl hares)

    31. 31 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Abstract Nouns Adjectives Abstract Nouns wisi unripe u-wisi unripe-ness kulu big u-kalu magnitude modzi one u-modzi unity kali fierce u-kali ferocity

    32. 32 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Compounding Generally done by combining a verb and its unmodified object noun or locative noun plus he appropriate noun prefix ph-a dzuwa kill the sun ? ch-phadzuwa beautiful woman tol-a nkhani pick up news ? m-tolankhani reporter pal-a matabwa scrape timber ? m-palamatabwa carpenter gon-a mbawa sleep in bar ? chi-gonambawa a drunk

    33. 33 1/17/2008 LING3340 M. Benton Chichewa Sources: Hyman, Larry. Suffix Ordering in Bantu: A morphocentric Approach (online version 2002) Mchombo, Sam.Chichewa (Bantu)Chapter 25 Spencer and Zwicky. The Handbook of Morphology Hyman & Mtenje Prosodic Morphology and tone: the case for Chichewa Chapter 4. from Kager, van der Hulst, & Zonneveld. The Prosody Morphology Interface

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