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Historian John Fiske, 1888

Historian John Fiske, 1888. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783. Articles of Confederation Government: 1776, 1781-1789. Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation.

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Historian John Fiske, 1888

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  1. Historian John Fiske, 1888

  2. North America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783 Articles of Confederation Government: 1776, 1781-1789

  3. Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

  4. Make sure if you write this essay DO NOT include: • Foreign relations • Britain ends Salutary Neglect, May include, Treaty of Paris 1783 & French Alliance of 1778 • Economic conditions • Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Duties, Tea Act, No Taxation w/o Representation • Western Lands • Proc 1763

  5. Weaknesses in the structure of theArticles of Confederation • A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. • 13 out of 13 to amend. • Representatives were frequently absent. • Could not tax or raise armies. • (Could only ask states for tax money or soldiers.) • No executive or judicial branches. • Could not regulate trade between states

  6. State Constitutions • Republicanism. • Most had strong governors with veto power. • Most had bicameral legislatures. • Property required for voting. • Some had universal white male suffrage. • Most had bills of rights. • Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

  7. The United States in 1787

  8. Indian Land Cessions:1768-1799 Foreign Affairs • British did not evacuate forts in the west, like promised in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, supplied Indians and encouraged them to raid frontier settlements.

  9. Disputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:1783-1796 • Spain tried to monopolize access to the Mississippi River • Proposed (never ratified) Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (1786), secured trading rights with Spain for northeastern merchants while recognizing Spain’s supremacy on the Mississippi. • 2 nations prevented US from exercising control over ½ territory • France cut off trade, demands $ • (AoC did win the Rev War)

  10. State Claims to Western Lands Northwest Ordinance of 1785 • Major accomplishments: • Convinced states to give up their claims to Western lands and made process for new states to enter the nation when had 60,000 people in the territory "disunited states" (as the Tories liked to call them)

  11. Northwest Territory

  12. Abolished slavery in the territory • Sold land in small, democratic parcels, yet many land speculators bought large tracts of land • Funded public schools • Land sells helped pay for the national debt

  13.     1.    Huge national and state debts were left from the Revolution.     2.    Excessive use of credit to purchase consumer goods after the war (especially debts to British merchants.     3.    Lack of currency 4.    Farmers demanded laws to help their plight – and at times acted violently (e.g. Shays’ Rebellion) 5.    Runaway inflation was ruinous to many citizens 6.    British companies flooded America with goods at very low prices. 7. States taxed each others imports! Economy in the 1780’s, Major Depression

  14. 1779 South Carolina Continental currency By the time these notes were printed, their real value was only 10 percent of their face value.

  15. WholesalePriceIndex:1770-1789

  16. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

  17. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 • Daniel Shays • Western MA • Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes, close down court houses to prevent foreclosures

  18. Debtors demanded cheap paper currency, lower taxes, & suspension of mortgage foreclosures marched to Springfield where state's Supreme Court was in session and where the arsenal was kept. Wealthy New Englanders provided money for a large militia in the region. Propertied class feared that the Revolution had created a "mobocracy."

  19. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 • "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government. God forbid that we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion.“ • “The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots & tyrants. It is it's natural manure.” • Thomas Jefferson

  20. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington Add: Cause and effect: Shays’ Rebellion led to the Constitution

  21. As a class, please name as many rebellions as from this year that we have covered? Do you notice any common themes to any of them? Group them in categories Review Rebellions

  22. East- West (frontier) divideRich v. Poor # 1 most common • Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 • Leisler’s Rebellion, 1691 • Paxton Boys, 1763 • Regulator Movement, 1770’s • Shays’ Rebellion, 1786-1787 • Indian frontier ones: Pueblo, Pontiac, Paxton, Bacon • Slavery: Stono

  23. Shays’ Rebellion= Anarchy

  24. Annapolis Convention (1786) • GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. • Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

  25. Previous attempts at Unity

  26. Do Articles of Confederation Handout, page 25 • What categories are you going to develop?

  27. Articles of Confederation Handout suggestions: • Foreign Relations • F • L • Q • R • S • T • Poor Domestic Economy • E • G • I • J • N • Western Lands • B • F • H • M • P • Weak Federal Gov. Structure • A • C • D • O • I & N

  28. Now read essay answers pages 27 -32 • Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any two of the following: • Foreign relations • Economic conditions • Western Lands

  29. Shaping a New Nation

  30. “The Constitution did not come from a desire to protect the liberties won in the American Revolution, but rather to protect the financial interests of the framers.” -Assess the validity of this statement. To what extent was the US Constitution a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation?

  31. James Madison: Father of the Constitution- writes the “rough draft,’ the Virginia Plan

  32. Virginia vs. New Jersey Plans

  33. Slide show not in notes (next 4 or so)but helps explain Great Compromise better

  34. Constitutional Convention(Philadelphia, 1787) - George Washington was elected president of the Convention. Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan - It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state. - Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches. - It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote.

  35. Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan - It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state. - Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches. - It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote. Great Compromise • It provided for a bicameral Congress. A. House of Representatives – each state is represented according to its population (satisfied the VA Plan) B. Senate – each state has 2 Senators (satisfied the NJ Plan) * Both houses of Congress must pass every law.

  36. Compromise to Conflict • Connecticut/Great Compromise- mix both plans, have two houses, the upper based on statehood, the lower based on population • 3/5th Compromise- Slaves count as 3/5 of a person for determining population • Questions: • SC has 1 million free people and 1 million slaves. How many people would be counted for representation purposes? • Would a large slave holder from SC want a 5/5 clause or a 0/5 clause for representation purposes? • Slave Trade Compromise- : Will be allowed to make it illegal to buy slaves from around the world in 20 years, 1808 • Executive Compromise- will have a Presidential term limited to 4 years, yet will be elected by the electoral college • See handout on page 38 for more details Roger Sherman

  37. Questions • Q. If there were 2 million people in South Carolina and 1 million were slaves and 1 million were free, then what was their population for representation and tax purposes?

  38. Answers • 1,600,000 people because 1 million free plus 600,000 enslaved. • (3/5 * 1,000,000 = 600,000)

  39. Questions • Q. For representation purposes, would a person from South Carolina who wants to have the most power possible for their state, would they want their to be a 0/5, 3/5, or 5/5 clause in the Constitution?

  40. Answers • 5/5 clause because those who did vote would be even more powerful (Would want a 0/5 clause for taxation)

  41. Questions • Q. If there were 1 million slaves in South Carolina, then how many slaves could vote because of the 3/5 clause?

  42. Answers • 0, because slaves cannot vote, their vote does not count for 3/5 of a vote or anything like that. States got to decide who voted and they did not let slaves vote.

  43. Structure of the ConstitutionMother always taught us to share • Federalism is the division of power between the national government and the state governments. • Much like administration and individual classroom teachers here at school.

  44. Separation of Powers

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