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Chapter 2: Earth Materials

Chapter 2: Earth Materials. Elements and Compounds. Element Most fundamental substance into which matter can be separated by chemical means Atom Smallest single particle that keeps element’s distinct chemical properties Protons (+) Neutrons (neutral) Electrons (-) Net atom charge

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Chapter 2: Earth Materials

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  1. Chapter 2: Earth Materials

  2. Elements and Compounds Element Most fundamental substance into which matter can be separated by chemical means Atom Smallest single particle that keeps element’s distinct chemical properties Protons (+) Neutrons (neutral) Electrons (-) Net atom charge Protons (+) +electrons (-)

  3. Elements and Compounds Atomic number # of protons Atomic mass # of protons + # of neutrons Isotopes Atoms with same atomic # but different mass #

  4. Elements & Compounds • Electron (-) • Electron “shells” • Ion • Cation (+) • Anion (-)

  5. Compounds, molecules and bonding Compound Combo of atoms from1 or more elements in specific ratio Molecule Smallest unit with all properties of a specific compound Bond Force that holds together atoms in molecules &/or compounds

  6. Compounds, molecules & bonding Ionic Bonding 1 atom transfers electron to another Gain or lose electrons I.e. = Table salt (sodium chloride or NaCl)

  7. Compounds, molecules and bonding Covalent Bond Electrons from different atoms “pair up” & create bond Share electrons Strongest of chemical bonds

  8. Compounds, molecules and bonding Metallic Bond Electrons shared among several atoms Outer electrons drift between atoms Good conductors of heat & electricity

  9. Compounds, molecules and bonding Van der Waals Bond Attraction between electrically neutral molecules with asymmetrical charge Dipolar molecules Weak bonds I.e. Water

  10. What Is a Mineral? Mineral Naturally formed Solid Inorganic Specific crystal structure Specific chemical composition

  11. Composition of minerals Atomic substitution Elements with similar size & charge can substitute for each other Crystal structure Atoms/molecules arranged into regular patterns Mineraloid Polymorphs Same chemical composition but different crystal structure

  12. Telling minerals apart Luster Quality & intensity of light reflection Metallic Non-metallic Vitreous Resinous Pearly

  13. Telling minerals apart Crystal form Any flat or planar surface that forms during mineral growth Habit Particular mineral’s distinctive shape

  14. Telling minerals apart Hardness Mineral’s resistance to scratching Mohs scale (1-10) Image Mineral Hardness Common Objects Reference Talc 1 2 Gypsum Fingernail (2.5) Calcite 3 Copper Penny (3.5) 4 Fluorite Wire Nail (4.5) Apatite 5 Glass (5.5) Feldspar 6 Streak Plate (6.5) Quartz 7 Topaz 8 Corundum 9 Diamond 10

  15. Telling minerals apart Cleavage Mineral breaks in a regular pattern Relates to crystal structure within mineral

  16. Telling minerals apart Color Least reliable Light absorbed by mineral Streak Powdered trace of mineral made by rubbing specimen across unglazed porcelain piece

  17. Telling minerals apart Density Mass / volume Compactness of atoms Other mineral properties Birefringent Double images Effervescence Fizzes in acid Magnetic Attracted to magnet Luminescence or fluorescence UV “glow”

  18. Mineral families & their uses Minerals of Earth’s crust Silicate minerals Minerals contain both silicon & oxygen Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron 1 Si atom bonded to 4 O atoms

  19. Mineral families & resources Other minerals of Earth’s crust Oxides Carbonates Ore deposits Localized concentration that can be extracted profitably

  20. Rocks: A First Look Rock Naturally formed aggregate of minerals & possibly other non-mineral matter Record history of Earth processes Feldspar Biotite Quartz Granite

  21. Rocks: A First Look Igneous Form by cooling & solidification of molten rock Magma Sedimentary Form under conditions of low pressure & low temperature near the surface Metamorphic Altered by exposure to high temperature, high pressure or both

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