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ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT JOHN W. SANTROCK

3e. ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT JOHN W. SANTROCK. 9. Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence. Chapter Outline. The nature of adolescence Physical changes Adolescent health Adolescent cognition Schools. The Nature of Adolescence. Influences on the adolescent Cultural

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ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT JOHN W. SANTROCK

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  1. 3e ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENTJOHN W. SANTROCK 9 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence

  2. Chapter Outline The nature of adolescence Physical changes Adolescent health Adolescent cognition Schools

  3. The Nature of Adolescence • Influences on the adolescent • Cultural • Gender • Socioeconomic • Age • Lifestyle differences

  4. Physical Changes Puberty The brain Adolescent sexuality

  5. Physical Changes • Puberty: Period of rapid physical maturation, occurring primarily in early adolescence, that involves hormonal and bodily changes • Sexual maturation, height, and weight • Marked weight and height gains • Facial and chest hair growth in males • Pubic hair growth • Breast growth in females • Menarche: Girl’s first menstruation

  6. Figure 9.1 - Pubertal Growth Spurt

  7. Physical Changes • Puberty • Hormonal changes • Hormones: Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream • Endocrine system’s role in puberty involves interaction: • Hypothalamus: A structure in the brain that monitors eating and sex • Pituitarygland: An important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands • Gonads: The testes in males, the ovaries in females • Increases in testosterone and estradiol

  8. Physical Changes • Puberty • Timing and variations in puberty • Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-19th century • Improved nutrition and health • Pubertal sequence begins: • Boys - 10-13 1/2 years • Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years

  9. Physical Changes • Body image • Preoccupation with body image is strong throughout adolescence • Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images

  10. Physical Changes • Early and late maturation • Boys • Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations • Late-maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s • Girls • Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less satisfaction later • More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed • Have an eating disorder • Struggle for earlier independence • Have older friends

  11. Figure 9.2 - Changes in the Adolescent Brain

  12. Physical Changes • The brain • Corpus callosum - The location where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres • Prefrontal cortex • The highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control • Amygdala - The region of the brain that is the seat of emotions

  13. Physical Changes • Adolescent sexuality • Developing a sexual identity • Learning to manage sexual feelings • Developing new forms of intimacy • Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior • Sexual identity includes: • Activities • Interests • Styles of behavior • Indication of sexual orientation

  14. Physical Changes • Gay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex attractions • Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior • Drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems

  15. Adolescent Sexuality • Contraceptive use • Two kinds of risks • Unintended, unwanted pregnancy • Sexually transmitted infections • Adolescents are increasing their use of contraceptives • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Contracted primarily through sexual contact • Including oral-genital and anal-genital contact

  16. Adolescent Sexuality • Adolescent pregnancy • U.S. has 1 of the highest rates in the world • Creates health risks for baby and mother • Outcomes • Low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness • Mothers drop out of school and never catch up economically • Reducing adolescent pregnancy • Girls Inc. • Growing Together • Will Power/Won’t Power • Taking Care of Business

  17. Adolescent Health Nutrition and exercise Sleep patterns Leading causes of death in adolescents Substance use and abuse Eating disorders

  18. Adolescent Health • Poor health habits and early death in adulthood begin during adolescence • Nutrition and exercise • 17% of 12–19-year-olds are overweight • Individuals become less active as they reach and progress through adolescence • Sleep patterns • Only 31% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more hours a night

  19. Adolescent Health • Leading causes of death in adolescence • Unintentional injuries • Homicide • Suicide

  20. Adolescent Health • Substance use and abuse • United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation • Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has declined in recent years • The roles of development, parents, peers and education

  21. Adolescent Health • Eating disorders • Anorexia nervosa: Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation • Main characteristics • Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for a person’s age and height • An intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss • Having a distorted image of their body shape • Amenorrhea • 10 times more likely to occur in females than males

  22. Adolescent Health • Bulimia nervosa: Individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge pattern • Most bulimics • Are preoccupied with food • Have an intense fear of becoming overweight • Are depressed or anxious • Have a distorted body image • Typically fall within a normal weight range

  23. Adolescent Cognition Piaget’s theory Adolescent egocentrism Information processing

  24. Adolescent Cognition • Piaget’s theory • Formal operational stage • More abstract than concrete operational thought • Increased verbal problem-solving ability • Increased tendency to think about thought itself • Thoughts of idealism and possibilities • More logical thought • Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: Creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications • Evaluating Piaget’s theory

  25. Adolescent Cognition • Adolescent egocentrism: Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents • Imaginary audience: Adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are • Attention-getting behavior • Personal fable: Involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility

  26. Adolescent Cognition • Information processing • Executive functioning - Involves higher-order cognitive activities such as • Reasoning • Making decisions • Monitoring thinking critically • Monitoring one’s cognitive progress • Decision making • Critical thinking

  27. Schools The transition to middle or junior high school Effective schools for young adolescents High school Service learning

  28. Schools • The transition to middle or junior high school • Drop in school satisfaction • Top-dog phenomenon: Move from the top position in elementary school to: • The lowest position in middle or junior high school

  29. Schools • Effective schools for young adolescents • Develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of middle schools • Lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1 • Involve parents and community leaders • Integrate several disciplines in a flexible curriculum • Boost students’ health and fitness with more programs • Provide public health care

  30. Schools • High school • Graduate with inadequate reading, writing, and mathematical skills • High schools should discourage dropping out • Service learning: Form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community

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