Acoustic Tracking and Marine Resource Management: a NOAA Fisheries Perspective

1. Acoustic Tracking and Marine Resource Management: a NOAA Fisheries Perspective Churchill Grimes and Steve LindleyFisheries Ecology Division Southwest Fisheries Science Center Santa Cruz, CA

2. Legal Authorities • MSA • MMPA • ESA

3. Northern California Current food web Field et al. 2006. Prog Oceanogr 68: 238

4. Ecosystem-Based ManagementLarge Marine Ecosystems

5. …XI-XV How to Implement Ecosystem-Based Management Ecosystem Approach to Management.

6. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) IOOS The U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System (IOOS) is a “user-driven”, integrated system of observations and data telemetry, data management and communications (DMAC), and data analysis and modeling that routinely, reliably, and continuously provides data and information to address 7 societal goals (support EBM). IOOS consists of regional observing systems and a national backbone observing system.

7. An Ecosystem Observing Package • Core Observations • mostly ship-based • limited spatial and temporal resolution • electronic tagging/tracking is compatible and can provide high resolution biological data acoustic curtains

8. Conceptual Model of IOOS satellites aircraft coastal radar LIDAR and hyperspectral ships moored buoys AUVs and gliders hyroacoutics cabled observatories electronic tracking?

9. Electronic tags can provide high resolution biological data like moorings, etc. offer for physical data Wildlife Computer Mk10 PAT Popup Archival Transmitting Satellite Tag - TOPP • Archival and satellite tagging of large pelagics has demonstrated the potential of electronic tagging, and acoustic tagging has similar potential for smaller species • Acoustic tags report identity of tagged animal to data logging hydrophone (receiver) when animals come in range Lotek Geolocating Archival Tags VEMCO R-code Acoustic Tags V9 - 2y program V9 - >4 mo life POST salmon smolt V7 - >4 mo life V6 - pre-production same scale

10. Acoustic Curtain POST- acoustic technology Data-logging hydrophones

11. What science can electronic tracking address? • Migratory behavior • Adult distribution and dispersal • Reproductive movement and aggregation • Ontogenetic movements • Stock structure and connectivity • Habitat utilization, e.g., hotspots, critical habitat and restoration effectiveness • Spatial interactions among species • Links to environmental variation and climate change • Demographics, e.g., survival and migration rates

12. Recent Acoustic Tagging Results Willapa Bay (960 kms) • Survival of juvenile Chinook salmon as they migrate down the Columbia River to the sea. Colored lines from PIT tag releases and black lines are acoustic tagged fish. • Acoustic tagging results superior and show higher survival (POST- D. Welch) Skagit River • Migration of acoustic tagged Puget Sound bull trout through the Skagit River in 2003-2005 revealed previously unknown utilization of marine waters (F. Goetz) Seattle

13. Green Sturgeon Tracking Rogue R., OR Willapa Bay, WA • Movement of acoustic tagged green sturgeon in Rouge River, OR and Willipa Bay, WA revealed extensive and previously unknown migrations • Gray bars indicate locations of acoustic receivers and yellow the presence of green sturgeon (S. Lindley)

14. Challenges- Ideal System Design • A large scale system might consist of: • Cross-shelf lines forming acoustic curtains along migration routes • Arrays of receivers around features of interest, e.g., MPAs and seamounts • Opportunistic location on oceanographic moorings and cabled observatories • planned • existing

15. Challenges- Data Management and Analysis • Data Management • Useful data are produced when tags are detected by a receiver • Data ownership is a significant outstanding issue in the acoustic telemetry community • Data management is a major component of IOOS plans, and the IOOS frame work is well suited to turning raw detections into useful science • Data Analysis • Compared to satellite tracking data, map-based analysis of acoustic tracking data is of limited use • More effective use of acoustic tagging data will require advances in data analysis and presentation • A promising approach is to use mark-recapture models to estimate survival and migration rates

16. Summary • IOOS is NOAAs approach to implementing ecosystem- based management of ocean resources, and acoustic tracking is a logical and valuable component of such an observing system • Acoustic tracking data can be used to answer important science questions about living ocean resources, e.g., migration, distribution, stock structure and connectivity, habitat utilization and survival and migration rates • Optimal acoustic observing system design would incorporate cross-shelf acoustic curtains along migration routes, high spatial-resolution arrays around important features (e.g., MPAs and sea mounts) and opportunistic location on deepwater moorings and cabled observatories • The IOOS frame work is well suited to turning raw detections into useful science, and for addressing data ownership which is a significant outstanding issue in the acoustic telemetry community • Most effective use of acoustic tracking data will require advances beyond simple map-based analysis to more advanced data analysis and presentation, e.g., application of mark-recapture methods

17. Some Fishes of the CCLME Amenable to OTN