Valentine’s Day Cards

1. Valentine’s Day Cards *Create a Valentine from yourself to a historical figure/event we have studied in class. *Make sure to include a historical connection that shows you have an understanding of the significance of that person/event within history. The History of Valentine's Day!

2. From these famous dictators to you….with love!

3. Example Dear “ “, Love,

4. WarmUp #3 • What are 3 differences between the Classical & Hellenistic Eras in Ancient Greece. • Who won the Peloponnesian War? • What was a long-term consequence of the Peloponnesian War?

5. Chp. 6: Self-read & study! The founding of Rome • Etruscans (had kings/tyrants) THUS… • Romans (wanted republic) • Patricians • Plebeians • law: 12 tables (including trials!) • elect officials • veto power

6. Rome was expanding: defeated Etruscan & Greek cities in southern Italy…then it went further south into Sicily & came up against the Carthaginians. Thus, WAR!!! Punic Wars:

7. Punic Wars: 264-146 BC • wars between Rome & Carthage for control of Mediterranean Sea • 1st Punic War: fought over Sicily…Rome won! • 2nd Punic War ~218-201 BC: Carthage, led by Hannibal, engaged in a sneak attack on Rome. Using elephants, they came through Spain & over the Alps Mountains. • defeated the Romans but didn’t conquer Rome • Rome raised up a new army & slowly pushed the Carthaginians out • Scipio invaded Carthage • 3rd Punic War: Rome completely destroyed Carthage

8. Republic to Empire: ~Senatorial Power: *Senators were patricians *took land from poor, thus the poor had nowhere to go…so they came to Rome ~Gracchi Brothers *Tiberias & Gaius tried to pass reforms (i.e.-taking land from the rich & giving it to the poor.) *killed by Senators ~Roman Army Interferes: *Marius recruited soldiers & promised land for service *poor could rise through ranks of society *soldiers loyal to general (not Rome) *generals used armies to attack Rome *civil war for 50 years ~60 BC: 3 leaders formed the First Triumvirate *Julius Caesar: general in Gaul (France) *Pompey: general in Spain *Crassus: richest man in Rome ~Crassus died & the Senate voted for Caesar to give up his command, but he refused = civil war between Caesar & Pompey ~Caesar won & in 44 BC, he became dictator:absolute ruler *killed by Senators

9. Caesar & Pompey

10. Second Triumvirate: • After Julius Caesar’s death, 2nd Triumvirate formed: • Octavian: Julius Caesar’s adopted son & heir • Marc Antony: Julius Caesar’s ally & friend • Lepidus: a priest • ended in civil war: Octavian v. Antony & Cleopatra (they committed suicide) • Octavian becomes Caesar Augustus • ruled 31 BC-14 AD & given title, Augustus (revered one) • controlled army & politics • extended Roman power into Egypt & Europe • always trouble w/ Germanic tribes • emperors chose successor: not hereditary • emperors took power from Senate & became more corrupt (Caligula, Nero) • Pax Romana: time of peace & prosperity under 5 Good Emperors • expanded empire & built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain, but eventually was too big & had to pull back • peace > increased trade > new items in empire > people become richer • huge gulf between rich & poor

11. Pax Romana: ~14–180 AD MAP: analyze & questions on pg. 175

12. Roman Art & Culture

13. Roman Architecture • copied Greeks: statues (realism) • for architecture: used arches, domes & vaults to create huge structures (Pantheon) • aqueducts: hugely important to bring water to city for drinking, bathing, etc. • had sewer system • road system:incredible, as over 50,000 miles paved

16. Pantheon, Aqueducts, Roads

17. Roman Literature • ideas copied from Greeks • height of Roman literature under Caesar Augustus (Octavian) • Virgil wrote Aeneid (pg. 182) • founding of Rome • showed duty, piety & faithfulness • Livy: main historian, as he saw history as series of moral lessons Family Life Paterfamilias: dominant male in family…& controlled family business Education in home until 16 boys: formal school girls: got married patriarchal: women always under protection of male guardian -adoption

18. Slavery: • slaves: people captured in foreign wars • Greeks, Carthaginians, Nubians, Germans, Jews, Syrians, etc. • slaves in home • slaves outside the home • Gladiators: • slaves trained to fight to death for the entertainment of Romans • slaves not treated well, leading to many revolts (i.e. Spartacus)

19. Daily Life • Rome was overcrowded & not safe at night • many public buildings: baths, markets (forum), temples, theaters, amphitheaters (coliseum) • most poor lived in insulae: huge apartment-like buildings • Caesars tried to appease the masses with grain & entertainment • chariot races (Circus Maximus), gladiatorial contests & theater productions

20. Entertainment: • …Already long ago, from when we sold our vote to no man, the People have abdicated our duties; for the People who once upon a time handed out military command, high civil office, legions—everything, now restrains itself and anxiously hopes for just two things: bread and circuses… • …iam pridem, ex quo suffragia nulli uendimus, effudit curas; nam qui dabat olim imperium, fasces, legiones, omnia, nunc se continet atque duas tantum res anxius optat,panem et circenses. • (Juvenal, Satire 10.77–81)

21. WarmUp #4 • Who were the two powers fighting the Punic Wars? • How did the Punic Wars finally come to an end? • In ancient Rome, senators belonged to which social class? (two main social classes) • Who made up the 1st Triumvirate? • Why did people like the Gracchi brothers & Julius Caesar get killed?

22. Homework (previews future…) • Chp. 6 Section Assessments • Section 3: #1-2 (pg. 182) • Section 4: #1-4 (pg. 187) • Section 5: #1-3 (pg. 191)

23. Rise of Christianity:

24. Roman Religion: • basically borrowed from Greeks, but changed names • polytheistic, added gods/goddesses over time (Isis from Egypt) • emperor (Caesar) worshiped as a god • believed this kept empire strong & peaceful

25. Jewish Background: • monotheistic • Rome (under Pompey) directly ruled Palestine/Judea • ~60 BC • Jews differed on how to relate to Romans • Pharisees: completely opposed to Rome & lived apart • Sadducees: worked with Rome to gain power • Essenes: lived apart from everyone • never a peaceful co-existence, as Romans tried to force Jews to worship emperor, leading to an open rebellion • 66-70 AD: the Roman army fought the Jews & defeated them under Titus:completely destroyed Jerusalem & temple 70 AD

26. Destruction of Jerusalem

27. Life of Jesus: • born ~4 BC in Bethlehem near Jerusalem • grew up in Galilee (northern Palestine) • traveled in Palestine, teaching & performing miracles • main teachings: • God’s transformation of a person: most important, not rituals • people should love God first, then others • humility, charity & love for others • very controversial: crucified by Pontius Pilate (Roman governor in Palestine) for possibly being a revolutionary vs. Rome • rose again & appeared to His followers (disciples) • Christmas: celebrates His birth • Good Friday (3 days before Easter): celebrates His death • Easter: celebrates His resurrection Jesus' message to others- Love Your Enemies

28. Teachings of Christianity: • monotheistic: God of Judaism • Jesus is God’s Son & came to die for sins of humans • people who believe in Jesus will be saved & after death, be in Heaven forever • people who do not believe will be separated from God forever (in hell or in the “lake of fire”) • cannot earn salvation: God’s gift • personal relationship with God through Jesus

29. Maps:Palestine during time of Jesus & modern day Israel/Palestine Document: “New Testament” pg. 185 Map: analyze “Spread of Christianity” on pg. 186 & answer questions

30. Beginning & Spread of Christianity • Jesus’ followers: disciples&leaders: apostles • at first, considered just to be another sect of Judaism • spread by disciples as they went around Roman Empire • best known are Peter & Paul (Jewish, formerly Saul) • biographies of Jesus (Gospels) & Pauline letters of theology • at first, tolerated by Romans, but soon persecuted because Christians would not worship emperor (fed to lions, Nero, etc.) • people were killed because of beliefs : • martyrs called Jesus “Christ” from Greek word Christos meaning Messiah (restoring Kingdom of David)

31. Triumph of Christianity: • persecution lessened under 5 Good Emperors • Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius • picked up again with Diocletian • persecution forced Christians to organize • only those truly committed, would convert • people interested because of spiritual equality & strong community (strong sense of help) • Constantine: 1st Christian emperor (battle in 312 AD) • issued Edict of Milan: giving religious toleration to Christians • Theodosius made Christianity, the official religion of the Roman Empire in ~391 AD (outlaws non-Christian sacrifices) • polytheism started disappearing throughout Empire

32. Comparing Religions

33. WarmUp #5 • Give two differences between Roman polytheism & Christianity.

34. Decline & Fall of Roman Empire

35. Decline of the Roman Empire: • 79 AD: Pompeii destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius • some saw this as judgment • death of Marcus Aurelius ended Pax Romana ~180 AD • followed by time of chaos • power struggles for emperors • Invasions • Germanic tribes revolting • from 235-284 AD: 22 emperors (all but 1 assassinated) • economic troubles & inflation (rapid increase in prices) • plague • began to hire Germanic tribes for military

39. Late Roman Empire: • Diocletian ruled 284-305 AD • divided empire into 4 sections • most income: to administration or the military • when Diocletian died, civil war commenced • Constantine won civil war • became emperor ~312 AD & consolidated power • created new capital at Constantinople (formerly called Byzantium) • divided empire into 2 sections: • West centered @ Rome • East centered @ Constantinople Istanbul, not Constantinople

40. MAP: pg. 189 & Questions Fall of Rome: • 1. Germanic tribes became problematic • 2. from north/east: • Huns moved from Asia & pushed Eurasian tribes into the Roman Empire • Vandals moved into Roman territory & revolted ~378 AD • causing senseless destruction • Visigoths (led by their Christian king Alaric): sacked Rome ~410 AD • “strange & uncouth peoples milling about” • 3. from south: • Vandals moved through Spain & North Africa to sack Rome again: 455 AD • 4. from north: • Romans joined Visigoths to fight Huns in Gaul (France) • defeated Attila, the leader of the Huns, in 451 AD • Attila tried to attack Rome, but left b/c of Pope Leo I • finally Rome fell 476 AD when Odoacer, Germanic head of army,deposed last Roman emperor

41. Fall of Western Roman Empire

42. Theories as to the Fall of Rome: • Christian emphasis on spiritual kingdom weakened Roman military state • traditional Italian values slipped as more non-Romans gained citizenship & power • lead poisoning weakened people’s mental state • plague wiped out 1/10 of the population • Rome did not advance technologically b/c of slaves • Romans could not put together a good political system Forensics in History: pg. 190

43. Assignment: Create a BUMPER STICKER advertizing the theory YOU THINK played the LARGEST role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Be sure to add visuals, a catchy slogan, utilize color, be creative & neat…& it should be the size of an actual bumper sticker. No one theory can completely explain why the Roman Empire fell: it was a combination of reasons…