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Cells and Tissues

Cells and Tissues. Cells and Tissues. Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life Cells are the building blocks of all living things Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. Anatomy of the Cell. Cells are not all the same

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Cells and Tissues

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  1. Cells and Tissues

  2. Cells and Tissues • Carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life • Cells are the building blocks of all living things • Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

  3. Anatomy of the Cell • Cells are not all the same • All cells share general structures • All cells have three main regions • Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Plasma membrane Figure 3.1a

  4. The Nucleus • Control center of the cell • Contains genetic material (DNA) • Three regions • Nuclear envelope (membrane) • Nucleolus • Chromatin

  5. The Nucleus Figure 3.1b

  6. The Nucleus • Nuclear envelope (membrane) • Barrier of the nucleus • Consists of a double membrane • Contains nuclear pores that allow for exchange of material with the rest of the cell

  7. The Nucleus • Nucleoli • Nucleus contains one or more nucleoli • Sites of ribosome assembly • Ribosomes migrate into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

  8. The Nucleus • Chromatin • Composed of DNA and protein • Present when the cell is not dividing • Scattered throughout the nucleus • Condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides

  9. Plasma Membrane • Barrier for cell contents • Double phospholipid layer • Hydrophilic heads • Hydrophobic tails • Also contains proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins

  10. Plasma Membrane PLAY Membrane Structure Figure 3.2

  11. Plasma Membrane Specializations • Microvilli • Finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption

  12. Plasma Membrane Specializations • Membrane junctions • Tight junctions • Impermeable junctions • Bind cells together into leakproof sheets • Desmosomes • Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart • Gap junctions • Allow communication between cells PLAY PLAY

  13. Plasma Membrane Specializations Figure 3.3

  14. Plasma Membrane Specializations PLAY Tight Junctions PLAY Desmosomes (Anchoring Junctions)

  15. Cytoplasm • Cytoplasm is the material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

  16. Cytoplasm • Contains three major elements • Cytosol • Fluid that suspends other elements • Organelles • Metabolic machinery of the cell • “Little organs” that perform functions for the cell • Inclusions • Chemical substances such as stored nutrients or cell products

  17. Cytoplasmic Organelles Figure 3.4

  18. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Mitochondria • “Powerhouses” of the cell • Change shape continuously • Carry out reactions where oxygen is used to break down food • Provides ATP for cellular energy

  19. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Ribosomes • Made of protein and RNA • Sites of protein synthesis • Found at two locations • Free in the cytoplasm • As part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

  20. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Fluid-filled tubules for carrying substances • Two types of ER • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Studded with ribosomes • Synthesizes proteins • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Functions in lipid metabolism and detoxification of drugs and pesticides

  21. As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern. Ribosome mRNA Rough ER In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein). Protein The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle. Transportvesicle buds off The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted. Protein insidetransport vesicle Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5

  22. As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern. Ribosome mRNA Rough ER Protein Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5, step 1

  23. As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern. Ribosome mRNA Rough ER In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein). Protein Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5, step 2

  24. As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern. Ribosome mRNA Rough ER In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein). Protein The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle. Transportvesicle buds off Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5, step 3

  25. As the protein is synthesizedon the ribosome, it migratesinto the rough ER cistern. Ribosome mRNA Rough ER In the cistern, the protein foldsinto its functional shape. Shortsugar chains may be attachedto the protein (forming aglycoprotein). Protein The protein is packaged in atiny membranous sac called atransport vesicle. Transportvesicle buds off The transport vesicle buds fromthe rough ER and travels to theGolgi apparatus for furtherprocessing or goes directly tothe plasma membrane where itscontents are secreted. Protein insidetransport vesicle Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Figure 3.5, step 4

  26. Cytoplasmic Organelles • Golgi apparatus • Modifies and packages proteins • Produces different types of packages • Secretory vesicles • Cell membrane components • Lysosomes

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