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Understanding the System Unit and Memory of Computers in Engineering

Explore the core components of the system unit and memory in computer engineering. This lecture covers crucial elements such as the central processing unit (CPU), RAM, ROM, data representation through binary codes, and error checking methods like parity. We will delve into various memory types, including conventional, extended, and cache memory, as well as examine binary coding schemes like ASCII and Unicode. Additionally, gain insights into the functionality of the motherboard, system clock, and communication through bus lines and ports for effective networking.

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Understanding the System Unit and Memory of Computers in Engineering

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  1. E0001 Computers in Engineering The System Unit & Memory

  2. Readings • “Computers in Your Future” - Chapter 2 • 1997 - chapter 2 • 1998 - 2A & 2B • “Using Computers A Gateway to Information” 1995 - Chapter 4 & 6 • 1997 - chapters 3 and 5 • 1999 - chapter 3

  3. This Lecture: • the system unit • main memory - RAM, ROM • data representation - binary codes • error checking - Parity

  4. The Binary System • Data, instructions are represented electronically with a binary or two-state numbering system. • three principal codes • ASCII • EBCDIC • Unicode

  5. Binary Coding Schemes • ASCII • American Standard Code for Information Interchange • most widely used • 8 bits = 1 byte • EBCDIC • Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code • industry standard for large computers • Unicode • sixteen bit code • designed to support languages like Chinese & Japanese

  6. Error Checking • parity • odd • even • Find out the difference between odd and even parity! - Exam Hint!!!!!

  7. The System Unit • connected to input and output devices, and secondary storage contains:- • motherboard • central processing unit - CPU • main memory • system clock • expansion slots and boards • bus lines • ports

  8. The Motherboard • contains • CPU • some memory chips • expansion slots

  9. The CPU - central processing unit • part of the computer that executes instructions • sometimes called processor • is on a single electronic component - microprocessor chip • has two components • the control unit • arithmetic logic unit - ALU

  10. The Control Unit • tells the rest of the computer how to carry out the programs instructions • directs (controls) movement between memory and the ALU • controls signals between CPU and input/output devices • machine cycle - fetching, decoding, executing, storing

  11. The Arithmetic Logic Unit • performs two operations • arithmetic • logic • arithmetic operations - fundamental math operations • additions, subtraction, multiplication, division • logic operations - consist of comparisons • =, <, >

  12. Microprocessor Chips • CISC chips - complex instruction set computer • most widely used chip design - hence runs a large number of existing programs • e.g. Intels Pentium • RISC chips - reduced instruction set computer • design is simpler, faster, less costly • e.g. PowerPC, Alpha chip

  13. Memory - RAM • temporarily holds data, program instructions, and information • also know as RAM, primary storage, internal storage, or main memory • RAM - Random Access Memory • volatile • destructive write process; nondestructive read • memory has four types

  14. RAM • four types • conventional memory • consists of the first 640K of RAM • used by DOS and application programs • upper memory • located between 640K and 1M • used by DOS - info about hardware; also application programs

  15. extended memory • directly accessible memory above 1M • available on most microprocessors • not accessed by all programs • expanded memory • special ‘island’ of memory up to 32MB that exists outside the DOS 640K limit • intended to help older micros that cannot directly access memory over 1M • cache memory • high speed RAM • stores most frequently used instructions • sits between CPU and Main memory

  16. cache memory

  17. ROM • Read Only Memory • non-volatile • contents cannot be changed by the user • typically contain instructions for detailed computer operations e.g. start the computer, put characters on the screen, give keyboard keys special features • two types

  18. ROM types • PROM - programmable read only memory • once programmed cannot be changed • EPROM - erasable programmable read only memory • PROM chip that can be erased by UV light • new instructions can then be written • EEPROM - electrically erasable

  19. System Clock • controls the speed of operations with in the computer • expressed in MHz - mega hertz - one million cycles per second • faster clock speed - faster computer operates

  20. Expansion Slots • memory expansion slots • several additional RAM chips increase the memory capacity • Network adaptor cards • used to connect the computer to one or more computers • forms a communication network • Small computer system interface - “scuzzy”cards • PC cards

  21. bus lines

  22. Bus Lines • connects parts of the CPU to each other • links CPU to important hardware • four principal bus lines • Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) • Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) • Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) • Peripheral Connect Interconnect (PCI)

  23. Ports • connecting socket on the outside of the system unit • parallel ports • serial ports

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