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Transport across cell membrane by Vani Gupta

Transport across cell membrane by Vani Gupta. Types of cell membrane transport. Factors affecting transport Cell membrane Chemical gradient Electrical gradient Rate of transport Passive transport Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion

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Transport across cell membrane by Vani Gupta

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  1. Transport across cell membraneby Vani Gupta

  2. Types of cell membrane transport Factors affecting transport Cell membrane Chemical gradient Electrical gradient Rate of transport Passive transport Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated diffusion Active transport Pumps phagocytosis Endocytosis/exocytosis

  3. Factors affecting transport: cell membrane • The cell needs to absorb and excrete various compounds throughout its life. • These compounds need to pass through the membrane which is made from a phospholipidbilayer • The phospholipidbilayer is formed by phospholipid molecules bipolar molecule: the fatty acid side is hydrophobic, the phosphoric side is hydrophilic

  4. The membrane is permeable to: The membrane is impermeable to: • H2O • Gases (O2, CO2, N2) • Lipids • Small, neutral molecules (such as urea) • Small, charged molecules • “large molecules” such as amino acids, glucose and larger • These compounds must go through channels present in the membrane in order to enter or exit the cell

  5. Factors affecting transport: Chemical gradient • Compound moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration (or concentration gradient) • All compounds permeable to the phospholipidbilayer will move this way

  6. Factors affecting transport: Electrical force • Positive ions are attracted to negative ions and vice versa • Ions are repelled by ions of the same charge (+ against + and – against -)

  7. Movement across the cell membrane • Both chemical and electrical forces (electrochemical force) drive the movement of compounds across the cell membrane

  8. Factors affecting the rate of transport • The rate of transport will depend on: • The concentration gradient • The compound permeability to the membrane • The type and number of charges present on the compound

  9. Crossing ofcell membrane • fats and oils can pass directly through lipid inside cell sat waste sugar aa H2O outside cell

  10. Types of Transport Proteins • Channel proteins are embedded in the cell membrane & have a pore for materials to cross Carrier proteins can change shape to move material from one side of the membrane to the other

  11. Cell membrane channels • Need to make “doors” through membrane • protein channels allow substances in & out • specific channels allow specific material in & out • H2O channel, salt channel, sugar channel, etc. inside cell outside cell

  12. Protein channels • Proteins act as doors in the membrane • channels to move specific molecules through cell membrane HIGH LOW

  13. Passive transport Compounds will move from area of high concentration toward area of lower concentration • No ATP is needed for this type of transport • Passive transport mainly TWO types A-Osmosis B-Diffusion-diffusion again two types a-simple diffusion- no energy needed b-facilitated diffusion- no energy needed -help through a protein channel

  14. Osmosis • Each compound obeys the law of diffusion • diffusion of water from HIGH concentration of water to LOW concentration of water • across a semi-permeable membrane • However, some compounds are unable to cross the cell membrane (glucose, electrolytes…) • Water can cross  will enter or exit the cell depending its concentration gradient.

  15. where is osmosis important

  16. Cells in Solutions

  17. PLASMOLYSIS Isotonic Solution Hypotonic Solution Hypertonic Solution NO NET MOVEMENT OF H2O (equal amounts entering & leaving) CYTOLYSIS PLASMOLYSIS

  18. Diffusion Simple diffusion- • no energy needed • Movement across higher to lower concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion- • Some compounds are unable to diffuse through the membrane. • They will be allow to cross if the membrane has proteins that can bind these compounds and enable to cross toward the area of lower concentration

  19. inside cell inside cell outside cell outside cell • Simple and facilitated diffusion simple diffusion facilitated diffusion lipid H2O protein channel H2O

  20. Simple Diffusion • Doesn’t require energy • Moves high to low concentration • Example: Oxygen or water diffusing into a cell and carbon dioxide diffusing out.

  21. Simple Diffusion The rate of diffusion will be increased when there is : Concentration: the difference in between two areas (the gradient) causes diffusion. The greater the difference in concentration, the fasterthe diffusion. Molecular size: smaller substances diffuse more quickly. Large molecules (such as starches and proteins) simply cannot diffuse through. Shape of Ion/Molecule: a substance’s shape may preventit from diffusing rapidly, where others may have a shape that aids their diffusion. Viscosity of the Medium: the lower the viscosity, the more slowly molecules can move through it.

  22. Movement of the Medium: currents will aid diffusion. Like the wind in air, cytoplasmic steaming (constant movement of the cytoplasm) will aid diffusion in the cell. Solubility:lipid - soluble molecules will dissolve through the phospholipidbilayereasily, as will gases like CO2 and O2. Polarity: waterwill diffuse, but because of its polarity, it will notpass through the non-polar phospholipids. Instead, water passes though specialized protein ion channels

  23. Facilitated diffusion • Doesn’t require energy • Uses transport proteins to move high to low concentration • Examples: Glucose or amino acids moving from blood into a cell.

  24. where is facilitated transport important

  25. Active Transport- Pumps- phagocytosis - Endocytosis/exocytosis

  26. Active transport • ATP (energy) is needed  pump • Moves materials from LOW to HIGH concentration • AGAINST concentration gradient

  27. Example-1 ATPase pumps • The most common: Na/K pumps  reestablish membrane potential. Present in all cells. • Two K+ ions are exchanged with 3 Na + ions

  28. EXAMPLES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT • Example 2: the thyroid gland accumulates iodine as it is needed to manufacture the hormone thyroxin. • The iodine concentration can be as much as 25 times more concentrated in the thyroid than in blood.

  29. Example 3: In order to make ATP in the mitochondria, a proton pump (hydrogen ion) is required.

  30. where is active transport important

  31. Endocytosis • Endocytosis: (“Endo” means “in”). • Endocytosis is the taking in of molecules or particles by invagination of the cell membrane forming a vesicle. Integrity of plasma membrane is maintained. • This requires energy. • Endocytosis is fallowed by exocytosis on the other side. – Transcytosis, vesicle trafficking, or cytopempsis.

  32. Types of endocytosis 1. pinocytosis (cell drinking): small molecules are ingested and a vesicle is immediately formed. This is seen in small intestine cells (villi) 2. phagocytosis (cell eating): large particles, (visible with light microscope) are invaginated into the cell (ie: white blood cells ‘eat’ bacteria

  33. Phagocytosis • Used to engulf large particles such as food, bacteria, etc. into vesicles • Called “Cell Eating

  34. Capture of a Yeast Cell (yellow) by Membrane Extensions of an Immune System Cell (blue)

  35. Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Some integral proteins have receptors on their surface to recognize & take in hormones, cholesterol, etc.

  36. Exocytosis • Exocytosis: (“Exo” means “out”.) • Exocytosis is thereverseof endocytosis. • This is where a cell releases the contents of a vesicle outside of the cell. • These contents may be wastes, proteins, hormones, or some other product for secretion. • This also requires energy. • Example: vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the plasma membrane and the proteins are released outside of the cell.

  37. Fusion of vesicle with plasma membrane is mediated by a number of accessory proteins- SNARE protein. • Require stimulus and Ca. • Exception- Renin from JG cells and PTH from parathyroid gland by decrease in intracellular Ca. • Constitutive Secretion- Immunoglobulin from plasma Cells and collagen from fibroblast. • Regulated- endocrine gland, pancreatic acinar cells

  38. Membrane Transport Proteins 1. Water Channels or Aquaporins (AQPs) – • 12 types • Amount of water is regulated by No. of AQPs • They are known as gated channel although they are pores. • Two types a) Aquaporins- only water. b) Aquaglyceroporins- also for small molecules.

  39. 2- Ion Channels- • All cells specially on excitable cells – Neurons and muscle cells • Selective and non selective • Gated – voltage gated and extracellular agonist or antagonist gated ex – acetylcholine gated cationic specific channel at motor end plate of skeletal muscle. • Conductance- 1-2 picosimens and > 100 picosimens. • Ex- Na, K, Ca, Cl, Anion , cation.

  40. 3.Solute Carriers- • > 40 types , > 300 transporters. • three gps-1. Uniporters- single molecule across the membrane (GLUT ) 2. Symporters- Two or more molecules Ex- Na-k-clSymporter (Kidney) Na - Glucose Cotransporter. 3. Antiporters- Two or more molecules in opposite directions Ex :Na- H antiporter ( PH regulation) 3Na- Ca , Cl- HCO3

  41. 4.ATP DEPENDENT TRANSPORTERS • 1. ATPase Ion Transporters 1. P- Type- gate phosphorylted during transport. Na- K ATP ase. 2. V- Type- Vacuolar H- ATPase – urine acidification on Vacules like endosomes and lysosomes. • 2. ATP – binding cassette (ABC) transporters – 7 subgroups transport diverse group of ions ex- Cl, Cholesterol, bile acids, drugs, iron and organic anions. • EX:- Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator. Multidrug Resistance Protein. organic Anions. .

  42. Molecular Motors: • Kinesin- over the microtubule • Dynein- retrogate transport • Myosin- over the microfilaments.- 18 types a

  43. Q-1 all membrane processes, such as pumping and channelling of molecules are carried out by. a-lipid b-carbohydrate c-nucleic acid d-protein

  44. Q-2 Which of the following statement about membrane transport protein is incorrect a-carrier proteins are similar to enzymes in that they show saturation b-carrier protein can facilitate both active and passive transport c-channel protein can facilitate both active and passive transport d-the Na+ /Glucose transport protein carries out secondary active transport.

  45. Q-3 Diffusion across the plasma membrane is more rapid if a substance is a-a protein b-hydrophilic c-high in its oil : water partition coefficient d-larger and globular in shape

  46. Q-4 the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated transport is that facilitated transport. a-is concentration dependent b-occurs across plasma membrane c-require membrane protein d-utilize a substance moving with its concentration gradient

  47. Q-5 Erythrocyte glucose transporter specifically transports glucose down its concentration gradient and exhibit hyperbolic saturation kinetics .This is an example of a-active mediated transport b-passive mediated transport c-non- mediated transport d-group translocation

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