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Fig. 3-1

Fig. 3-1.  –. Hydrogen bond. Fig. 3-2.  +. H. — —. O.  –. — —.  +. H.  +.  –.  –.  +. Adhesion. Water-conducting cells. Fig. 3-3. Direction of water movement. Cohesion. 150 µm. Fig. 3-4. Fig. 3-6. Hydrogen bond. Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form.

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Fig. 3-1

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  1. Fig. 3-1

  2. – Hydrogen bond Fig. 3-2 + H —— O – —— + H + – – +

  3. Adhesion Water-conducting cells Fig. 3-3 Direction of water movement Cohesion 150 µm

  4. Fig. 3-4

  5. Fig. 3-6 Hydrogen bond Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable

  6. Fig. 3-6a Hydrogen bond Liquid water Hydrogen bonds break and re-form Ice Hydrogen bonds are stable

  7. – Na + + + – – + – – Na + Fig. 3-7 – + + Cl– Cl– + – – + – + – –

  8. pH Scale 0 1 Battery acid Gastric juice, lemon juice 2 H+ H+ H+ Vinegar, beer, wine, cola OH– 3 H+ H+ OH– Increasingly Acidic [H+] > [OH–] H+ H+ H+ 4 Tomato juice Acidic solution Fig. 3-9 Black coffee 5 Rainwater 6 Urine OH– Saliva OH– Neutral [H+] = [OH–] 7 Pure water OH– H+ H+ OH– OH– Human blood, tears H+ H+ H+ 8 Seawater Neutral solution 9 10 Increasingly Basic [H+] < [OH–] Milk of magnesia OH– OH– 11 OH– H+ OH– Household ammonia OH– OH– OH– H+ 12 Basic solution Household bleach 13 Oven cleaner 14

  9. 0 More acidic 1 2 Acid rain Acid rain 3 4 Fig. 3-10 5 Normal rain 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 More basic 14

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