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DVF Project

DVF Project. Email me to schedule a 15-minute meeting Meetings will be held in the lab (class time) or in my office (non-class time) Email me a brief description of your question and method by midnight the night before your meeting This will help me prepare for our meeting

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DVF Project

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  1. DVF Project • Email me to schedule a 15-minute meeting • Meetings will be held in the lab (class time) or in my office (non-class time) • Email me a brief description of your question and method by midnight the night before your meeting • This will help me prepare for our meeting • No class on Thursday, 10/9 • On Friday, 10/10, we will discuss what you need to put together in order to run your experiment • Email me materials by Tuesday, 10/14

  2. Olfaction • What is the input? • Odor molecules (odorants) • Where is it first received? • Bipolar neurons in the olfactory epithelium • Mucous membrane on roof of nasal cavity • How does it get to primary olfactory cortex? • Project to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb  primary olfactory cortex

  3. Vision • What is the input? • Light • Where is it first received? • Photoreceptors in the retina • Rods and cones • How does it get to primary visual cortex (V1)? • Bipolar cells  ganglion cells  optic nerve (splits visual field information at optic chiasm)  lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus (90%)  V1 • Superior colliculus and pulvinar (10%) do not project to V1 • Important for eye movements and attention

  4. Visual Areas

  5. Visual Areas

  6. Visual Areas • V1 • Retinotopic organization; small receptive fields; narrowly tuned to simple visual properties (i.e., responsive to particular angle)

  7. Retinotopic Organization

  8. Visual Areas • V1 • Retinotopic organization; small receptive fields; narrowly tuned to simple visual properties (i.e., responsive to particular angle) • V2 • Larger receptive fields; not as narrowly tuned to simple visual properties; responds to illusory contours

  9. Illusory Contours

  10. von der Heydt et al. (1984)

  11. von der Heydt et al. (1984)

  12. Visual Areas • V1 • Retinotopic organization; small receptive fields; narrowly tuned to simple visual properties (i.e., responsive to particular angle) • V2 • Larger receptive fields; not as narrowly tuned to simple visual properties; responds to illusory contours • V3 • Larger receptive fields; some cells tuned to color and motion; ventral projects to V4; dorsal projects to V5

  13. Visual Areas • V4 • Large receptive fields; tuned to more complex visual properties (e.g., colored line of particular orientation); modulated by attention; projects to temporal lobe; important for color perception • Achromatopsia (no color perception)

  14. Achromatopsia

  15. Visual Areas • V4 • Large receptive fields; tuned to more complex visual properties (e.g., colored line of particular orientation); modulated by attention; projects to temporal lobe; important for color perception • Achromatopsia (no color perception) • V5 (MT) • Large receptive fields; tuned to properties of motion (e.g., velocity, direction); projects to parietal lobe and V4 • Akinetopsia (no motion perception)

  16. Akinetopsia

  17. Blindsight • Damage to primary visual cortex (V1) • No awareness of visual stimuli • Some visual abilities nonetheless

  18. Blindsight

  19. Blindsight

  20. Blindsight • Damage to primary visual cortex (V1) • No awareness of visual stimuli • Some visual abilities nonetheless • Navigation • Helen • T.N. • Emotional (fearful) stimuli

  21. Anders et al. (2004) • Nine blindsight patients Scream

  22. Anders et al. (2004) Emotion Rating

  23. Anders et al. (2004) • Nine blindsight patients • After scream, felt more negative when face presented than when blank presented • Unconsciously-perceived face was associated with emotion

  24. Tamietto et al. (2009) • Two blindsight patients • D.B. and G.Y. • Expressive faces and bodies presented to blind and seeing visual fields • Decide whether happy or fearful

  25. Tamiettoet al. (2009)

  26. Tamietto et al. (2009)

  27. Tamietto et al. (2009) • Two blindsight patients • D.B. and G.Y. • Expressive faces and bodies presented to blind and seeing visual fields • Decide whether happy or fearful • Significantly above chance performance in blind field despite no awareness • No significant difference between blind and seeing fields

  28. Blindsight • Damage to primary visual cortex (V1) • No awareness of visual stimuli • Some visual abilities nonetheless • Navigation • Helen • T.N. • Emotional (fearful) stimuli • Anders et al. (2004) • Tamietto et al. (2009)

  29. Blindsight • How is this possible? • “Islands” of preserved V1 cortex • Superior colliculus

  30. Vision

  31. Collicular-Pulvinar-Amygdala

  32. Boyer et al. (2005) • How is this possible? • “Islands” of preserved V1 cortex • Superior colliculus • Cells are not tuned to orientation or color • Direct lateral geniculate nucleus extrastriateprojections

  33. Boyer et al. (2005) • TMS • Ask subjects to discriminate orientations and colors

  34. Boyer et al. (2005)

  35. Boyer et al. (2005)

  36. Boyer et al. (2005) • TMS • Ask subjects to discriminate orientations and colors • Orientation condition • Subjects unaware 61% of TMS trials • Color condition • Subjects unaware 70% of TMS trials

  37. Orientation

  38. Color

  39. Orientation

  40. Color

  41. Blindsight • How is this possible? • “Islands” of preserved V1 cortex • Superior colliculus • Cells are not tuned to orientation or color • Direct lateral geniculate nucleus extrastriateprojections • LGN  V5/MT (Lanyon et al., 2009)

  42. Lanyon et al. (2009)

  43. Blindsight • How is this possible? • “Islands” of preserved V1 cortex • Superior colliculus • Cells are not tuned to orientation or color • Direct lateral geniculate nucleus extrastriateprojections • LGN  V5/MT (Lanyon et al., 2009)

  44. Shape from Motion

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