Terms to know ( You need these in your notes)

1. A Warning From History The HolocaustDirections:All underlined items must be in your notes!Answer all questions on the response slides in your notes.

2. Terms to know (You need these in your notes) 1. Tolerance = The ability to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others. 2. Intolerance = Not able to endure things one does not agree with. 3. Genocide = The systematic destruction of a racial, political, or cultural group. 4. Anti- Semitism = Hostility toward or discrimination against Jews as a religious, ethnic, or racial group 5. Scapegoating = The practice of blaming an individual or group for a real or perceived failure of others

3. Terms to know (You need these in your notes) 6. Ghetto = It originally meant a neighborhood with one ethnicity. The connotation of ghetto is poor and lower class 7. Concentration Camps = massive holding pins to gather the “undesirables”. Some worked, most just waited to die. 8.Death Camps = areas containing a killing mechanism (crematorium). These served one purpose only. 9. Work camps = places where the prisoners were given particular jobs and used as slave labor.

4. One of the most infamous examples of intolerance and genocide is: The Holocaust

5. Who Were the Holocaust Victims?(List at least 3 in your notes) • Jews • Slavs (a person from the Slavic area) • Poles (Polish) • Gypsies • Black Youth • Jehovah’s Witnesses • Homosexuals • Handicapped (physically and mentally)

6. Summarize what caused the separation Jewish Christian • Believe that Jesus was a good man, not the Son of God • The Old Testament of the Bible is sacred, but the New Testament is not acknowledged. • Believe that Jesus is the Son of God • The Old and New Testament are stories of Truth.

7. If “they” are not one of “us” they must be the “others” • Stereotypes of Jews Orthodox Jews - the image Hitler wanted us to think of when the word “Jew” was mentioned. Rees, Laurence. The Nazis.The New Press: New York. 1997

8. Recognize that World War II and the Holocaust were two separate wars. • WWII = the war against the world • The Holocaust = the war against Jews and other “undesirable” people

9. Anti-Semitism • Hitler played on the anti-Semitism that was already rooted in his countrymen • He resurrected the idea that there were different classes of people • Germans = Aryans who were superior • Everyone else = sub-human • Anti-Semitic propaganda began • It was said that even one Jew could taint an entire country • In 1935, Anti-Semitism became legal in Germany

10. Anti-Semitism Nazi rally with the sign: “Jews are our misfortune.” Imagine if we put up a sign at the Staples stadium that said “The Mexicans are our misfortune”. Think of how rude and inappropriate that would be.

11. How did the Germans define who was Jewish? • On November 14, 1935, the Nazis issued the following definition of a Jew: • Anyone with three Jewish grandparents • Someone with two Jewish grandparents who belonged to the Jewish community on September 15, 1935, or joined thereafter • Someone who was married to a Jew or Jewess on September 15, 1935, or married thereafter • Anyone who was the offspring of a marriage or extramarital liaison with a Jew on or after September 15, 1935.

12. Anti-Semitism • German scientific community put in their two cents via “research” • Claimed that Jewish features could be scientifically determined • Stores sold devices that could measure one’s features to determine them absolutely not Jewish (obviously this did not actually work)

13. Anti-Semitism • A boycott was declared against all Jewish businesses • Storm troopers (police in Germany not characters from Star Wars) were placed in front of all Jewish businesses for the one-day boycott • Anyone attempting to shop at Jewish stores was beaten or sent to Dachau (a concentration camp) for re-education.

14. Anti-Semitism Graffiti on a Jewish store front

15. Response Question • Directions: Now that you have read several slides about Anti-Semitism, write a few sentences in your notes explaining the anti-Semitism that Germany faced in the 1930’s-1945.

16. How does Scapegoating work? • First, minorities are often isolated within society and become an easy target. Those in the majority are more easily convinced about the negative characteristics of a minority with which they have no direct contact. • Next, Violence, persecution, and genocide directed against minorities often occur when a minority group is being blamed for some social problem.

17. How does Scapegoating work? • List 2 of the examples of societal ills that have been blamed on minority groups in your notes. • Unemployment, inflation, food shortages, the plague, and crime in the streets are all examples of ills which have been blamed on minority groups.

18. Response question about Scapegoating • What societal ills have been blamed on minority groups in California?

19. The Nuremberg Laws • How the Jews were initially controlled: • Prohibited marriages between Jews and Germans • Stripped Jews of their German citizenship • Introduced a distinction between Reich citizens and nationals

20. The Nuremberg Laws • After these laws were established, things like forcing Jews to turn over their businesses to an Aryan person were mandated (required) • Jewish college students were kicked out of colleges. • Jews were not allowed to hold government jobs. • And slowly the ghettos were built where the Jews were forced to live.

21. Response question about Nuremberg Laws • Directions: In your notes, after reading about The Nuremberg Laws, explain how these laws were used to control the Jews. Two sentence minimum.

22. Ghettos The Germans started concentrating the Jews into ghettos and forced them to wear a star identifying them as a Jew.

23. Ghettos • Life in the ghetto was intolerable • No sanitation • Pestilence (disease) • Starvation

24. Ghettos: Warsaw One famous ghetto was Warsaw. Walls were built around the city

25. Rare Color Photos of the Ghetto Ghetto originally meant a neighborhood with one ethnicity.

26. Rare Color Photos of the Ghetto A Jewish man being forced to give up his valuables and his gold

27. A Jewish man forced to wear the Star of David, identifying him as a Jew to all who saw him.

30. Response question about Ghettos • Directions: After looking at the pictures of life in the Ghetto, write two sentences explaining some of the difficulties that you would face if you were Jewish in this time period.

31. World War II: The Final Solution • In 1941 – Hitler begins the mass executions of Jews. Some believe that this was due to the fact that Hitler was starting to lose a grip on World War II and he needed to win the war against the Jews. • This mass extermination lasts from 1941-1945 (the end of WWII).

32. World War II: The Final Solution • Railways made the final solution possible • Allowed for the mass transportation of Jews to Concentration Camps • Transported in cattle cars • No food, water, toilets or ventilation • Average transport – 4.5 days

33. World War II: The Final Solution • Once disembarked from the train, men were separated from women and children

34. World War II: The Final Solution • Every person went through selection • Passed by a medical doctor who decided whether or not he/she would live or die

35. World War II: The Final Solution • What was the criteria for selection? • Selection was determined by how healthy you were and how well you would be able to work. • Elderly people, sick people, young people, many women, and weak people went to the gas chambers immediately

36. World War II: The Final Solution

37. World War II: The Final Solution • Those selected for death went to the gas chambers • Gas usually killed within 5 minutes • Corpses were taken to the crematories and burned • Auschwitz could “process” 2,000 people at once • At one point Auschwitz was killing 20,000 people each day

38. Women and children heading to the gas chambers (They were thought of as useless because they couldn’t work as hard as the men)

39. Crematory Ovens

40. Response question about The Final Solution • Who would be left in your family if they went through the selection?

41. World War II: The Final Solution • Those selected to live went to slave labor camps • Daily rations (the amount of food you get to eat in a day) • A piece of bread, margarine, broth

42. Response questions for The Final Solution • 1. Who would be left in your family if they went through the selection? • 2. How would your life be different if you were allowed the same daily rations that the Jews got?

43. World War II: The Final Solution

44. World War II: The Final Solution • Those who became sick went to the hospital and were subjected to experiments for medical research • People were placed in ice baths and continually monitored until death, in an effort to learn how to fight hypothermia • People were sewn together to create Siamese twins • People had chemicals injected into their eyes in an effort to change the color • Dr. Mengele (Angel of Death) • Experimented on twins and dwarfs to better Aryan genetics

45. World War II: The Final Solution

46. World War II: The Final Solution

47. HowMany Camps were there in total? • The power of the Nazis lay in the camp system itself. • There were in fact some 15,000 camps. The exact number will never be known. • We are working now from the known 10,007 camps onwards though the other categories documenting what we can document.

50. Dachau –The First Concentration Camp, Built and running by March of 1933.