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Historic Look at IDEA. Evolving Issues and Practices. Sad U.S. History. Many people (children) with disabilities were abandoned, killed, ‘warehoused’ in deplorable, inhumane institutions. Education was not a consideration. Initial Programs.
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Historic Look at IDEA Evolving Issues and Practices
Sad U.S. History • Many people (children) with disabilities were abandoned, killed, ‘warehoused’ in deplorable, inhumane institutions. • Education was not a consideration
Initial Programs • The American Asylum for the Education and Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb (1817) • Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the Blind (1853) (became the Maryland School for the Blind in 1868) • Also started the Maryland School for the Colored Blind and Deaf in 1872
Music in Special Ed. • Literature shows that: • Music was used to teach students with disabilities • Singing was used to improve speech, breathing, and articulation skills • Music was used in diagnosing hearing problems before the development of audiology equipment • Music was used with deaf and hard of hearing students
Early-Mid 1900s • Early 1900s- Public Education for all typical children • By 1950s, as attitudes began to change, parents began organizing efforts to obtain funding for special schools for their children with special needs. • 1960s brought more enlightened thinking regarding ALL people with needs, such as poverty, mental illness, racial inequalities, etc. • NO LEGAL STANDING
Important Legislation affecting education for children with special needs
Brown vs. Board of Ed. (1954) • School desegregation case • Integrating ed. settings • Separate is not equal • Beginning of the end for ALL exclusionary practices in schools
EHA: Ed. of the Handicapped Act • 1970 • Expanded federal grant programs • Funded pilot studies for Special Ed. • Funds for development of University programs for special ed. Teacher training
PARC Penn. Assoc of Retarded Citizens vs. Commonwealth • 1971 • Established right for a FAPE (Free, Appropriate Public Education) for students with mental retardation • Schools could not exclude students with MR • Due Process must be followed • Educate in less restrictive settings when possible
Mills vs. Bd. Of Ed. • 1972- expanded on PARC • Guaranteed Due Process include procedures relating to labeling, placement, and exclusionary stages of decision making • Schools had to fund Spec. Ed., even when funds were low • Protection for more than just MR
Sec 504 of Rehabilitation Act • 1973 • Federal anti-discrimination law (civil rights) • No org. that receives federal funds can discriminate based on disability condition • Protects for alternate DX, such as medical illness, ADHD, behavior d/o, substance abuse • Did not guarantee equal participation (extra-curric), but equal opportunity.
PL94-142 Education for All Handicapped Children Act • 1975 • Complete access to FAPE in the LRE (Least Restrictive Environment) • Later became IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1990) [PL101-476] • Revised and reauthorized in 1997, then became the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act 2004
IDEA: 6 Principles • Zero Reject(ion): FAPE for ALL!!! • Nondiscriminatory evaluation for eligibility & need for services • LRE (Least Restrictive Environment) • IEP (Individualized Education Plan): services must be individualized • Parents’ right to full involvement in decisions, including the education plan • Due Process guarantee
Some Key IDEA Amendments • Pre-school children (3-5) • Early Intervention (under 3) • Handicap replaced by Disability; Person 1st language • Autism & TBI included • Assistive Technology
Current IDEA issues • Higher expectations for students • Increase access to regular ed. • Use of research-based teaching interventions mandated • Strengthen parent role • Redefine Spec. Ed. as a service for eligible students, rather than a destination for their ed. • Support professional development for all school personnel
ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act • 1990 • Most sweeping antidiscrimination disability legislation to date • Extends civil rights and nondiscrimination protection to most public and private programs, services, and agencies.
NCLB: No Child Left Behind Act • 2001 • PL 107-110 -- Increased accountability • carrot or whip? --More choices for parents & students --Greater $$ flexibility for states, school districts, and schools --Stronger emphasis on reading