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Diversity of Life on Earth

Diversity of Life on Earth. Biologists have identified 1.5 – 1.8 million species: 300,000 plants (~17%) About 1.1 million animals (about 73%) 60,000 vertebrates 750,000 – 1 million insects About 10,000 new species are added each year Mostly insects from tropical rain forests

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Diversity of Life on Earth

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  1. Diversity of Life on Earth • Biologists have identified 1.5 – 1.8 million species: • 300,000 plants (~17%) • About 1.1 million animals (about 73%) • 60,000 vertebrates • 750,000 – 1 million insects • About 10,000 new species are added each year • Mostly insects from tropical rain forests • Estimates of the total diversity of life: ~11 million to over 100 million species Changes everyday & semester.

  2. Top 10 New Species of 2013 

  3. Table 2. Currently catalogued and predicted total number of species on Earth and in the ocean. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127.t002 Aug 23, 2011

  4. The diversity of life can be arranged into Three domains (protozoans and algae, falling into multiple kingdoms) Common Ancestor

  5. THREE DOMAINS

  6. Taxonomic categories D Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand

  7. The Prokaryotic Tree of Life Autotroph: self-feeder; normally , a photosynthetic organism, a producer; plants, some bacteria, protists Heterotroph: “other-feeders”; an organism that eats other organisms; a consumer; Many archaens, bacteria, and protists, all fungi, and animals Binary fission About 5,000 described May be 1,000 time more undescribed

  8. Domain Bacteria Ch. 27 • Related to Eukaryotic mitochondria (cellular respiration) and chloroplasts (photosynthesis). • Metabolism of respiring bacteria is very much like that of the mitochondrion. • Metabolism of cyanobacteria is very much like that of a chloroplast. • Cyanobacteria have DIFFERENT cellular respiration pathway than respiring bacteria. http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp/index • The Human Microbiome Project. • Habitat: Everywhere. You Are 10% Human. 90% Bacteria. http://www.treehugger.com/green-food/you-are-10-human-90-bacteria-video.html

  9. Domain Archaea Ch. 27 • Most primitive types of cells. • Earliest evolution of metabolic pathways; prokaryotes. • Most modern examples live in extreme environments (> 100 C, pH, salt.) • Related to outer cell of Eukaryotes, especially by gene structure. http://archaea.ucsc.edu/genomes/archaea/

  10. Domain Eukaryota • About 1.5 billion years old • All have nucleus and mitochondria • Some have chloroplasts • Ancestry: Outer cell from Archaeans; mitochondrion from respiring bacteria; chloroplasts (plastids) from cyanobacteria.

  11. Ch. 28, 29 & 30, 31, 32,33, & 34 The Eukaryotic Tree of Life

  12. Kingdoms in EukaryotaAbout 1.5 billion years old • Protista – single-celled or colonial. Very little cell differentiation within colonies. (e.g. algae, Volvox). Variety of structures, organelles, life styles. • Fungi – saprophytes, multicellular • Plantae – photosynthetic, multicellular • Animalia – heterotrophic by ingestion, multicellular

  13. Four Main Varieties of Plants Flowering plants Mosses Ferns Conifers • Bryophytes (moss): no fluid transporting vascular system • Ferns: seedless vascular plants • Coniferophytes (conifers): seeds • Anthophytes (Flowering plants): seeds, fruits. Flowers seedless Seeds nonvascular Vascular tissue Multicellularity Green Algae

  14. Bryophyta (mosses) Psilotophyta Lycopodophyta Equisetophyta (horsetails) Pteridophyta (ferns) Coniferophyta (conifers) Cycadophyta (cycads) Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) Gnetophyta Angiosperm (flowering plants) 16,000 Small 1,100 15 12,000 1,000 100 1 70 280,000 The Division of PlantsDivision Number of Species

  15. Heterotrophic organisms, both single-celled and multicellular Mushroom, yeast, mold – Penicillium sp. Saprophyte, any organism that derives its nutriment from decaying vegetable or animal matter. Mushrooms, molds, and other types of fungi are the most abundant saprophytes. Certain types of bacteria, some seed plants, and some orchids are also saprophytes. Saprophytes produce enzymes that break down organic matter into absorbable nutrients. Most saprophytic seed plants derive their food in conjunction with symbiotic fungi that are attracted to their roots and convert decaying matter into nutrients. 100,000 species

  16. Divisions (Phyla) in Plant Kingdom • Bryophyta – mosses • Pterophyta – ferns • Coniferophyta – cone-bearing seed plants • Angiospermophyta – flowering seed plants • Class Monocotyledonae – leaves directly from stems • Class Dicotyledonae – leaves have a petiole (stalk) attached to stems

  17. Ancient Recent Recent 3 2 1 Major Animal Phyla: Invertebrates Vertebrates (< 3%) A Simple Classification Scheme for Animals Ancient

  18. The Nine Major Animal Phyla: 95% Invertebrates In red: radially symmetrical Phylum Porifera: sponges Phylum Cnidaria: hydra, sea anemones, and jellyfish Phylum Platyhelminthes: flukes Phylum Nematode: heartworm Phylum Annelida: earthworms Phylum Arthropoda: insects, arachnids, and crustaceans Phylum Mollusca: snails, clams, and squid Phylum Echinodermata: sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumber Phylum Chordata: the tunicates, lancelets, & vertebrates

  19. 1. Phylum Porifera: sponges ~5000 species, primarily marine, aggregates of single cells with somecellular specialization, no tissues. Sessile feeders. Asexual or sexual. Many produce toxins. Asymmetrical

  20. 2. Phylum Cnidaria: corals, jellyfish, hydra, & sea anemones (cnido – stinging nettle, scratching) Cells organized into distinct tissues Rudimentary nerve network and contractile tissue but lack true organs Nematocysts -- cnidocytes Two distinct body plans: polyp: attached; medusa: free swimming Mouth and anus are same opening Reproduce asexually (polyps) and sexually Radial symmetry

  21. 3. Phylum Platyhelminthes: flatworms Development of bilateral symmetry Ability to move forward using aggregations of nerve cells, ganglia Still one gastrovascular opening True organs begin to evolve, no true coelom yet! Many are free living-planarians; some are parasitic-tapeworm and fluke

  22. 4. Phylum Nematode: the roundworms -- ~12,000 species. Advanced tubular gastrovascular cavity with two openingsAdvanced sensory "ganglionic brain"Lack circulatory and respiratory systemsDepend on diffusion for gas exchangeMost are free-living; a few are parasitic-hookworm, Trichina, dog heartworm, pinworm – elephantiasis. Not segmented yet!

  23. 5. Phylum Annelida: the segmented wormsEarthworms, ringed worms, leeches Repeating segmented rings that contain identical copies of nerve gangliaExcretory structures; muscles that advanced locomotion abilityFluid-filled body cavity-coelom; involved in locomotionDevelopment of a true closed circulatory systemEvolved many rudimentary organ systems- nervous, excretory, circulatory, muscular, and compartmentalized digestive tract

  24. 5. Phylum Annelida: the segmented worms

  25. 6. Phylum Mollusca: 100,000 species including snails, clams, and squids -- Second largest phylum Have a moist muscular body without a skeletnAre found in aquatic or moist terrestrial habitatsBody is protected by a calcium carbonate shell Complex, concentrated, ganglionic brain, open circulatory system 1) Class Gastropoda-snails and sea slugs2) Class Pelecypoda- scallops, oysters, and clams3) Class Cephalopoda-octopuses, squid,and nautiluses

  26. 7. Phylum Arthropoda: the insects, arachnids, and crustaceans • The most numerous both in individuals and species • Evolutionary adaptations allow them to reside in diverse environmentsReside in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats • Class Insecta-800,000 species

  27. 7. Phylum Arthropoda: the insects,arachnids, and crustaceans Evolutionary adaptations 1) Jointed legs2) Exoskeleton for water conservation and support3) Segmentation4) Well-developed sensory and nervous systems5) Efficient gas-exchange mechanisms6) Well-developed circulatory systems Reside in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats

  28. Phylum Arthropoda: terrestrial -- the insects & arachnids 1. Class Insecta-800,000 speciesHave three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings; make escape from predators easierMetamorphosis eliminates competition for food between generationsThe importance of insects 2. Class Arachnida-50,000 species spiders, mites, ticks, and scorpionsHave eight walking legsAre carnivorousHave simple eyes with a single lens

  29. Phylum Arthropoda: Aquatic -- crustaceans 3. Class Crustacea-30,000 aquatic species of crabs, crayfish, lobster, shrimp, and barnacles Vary in size from microscopic to 12 feet Vary in number of appendages Have two pairs of antennae generally with compound eyes Exchange gases using gills

  30. 8. Phylum Echinodermata: sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumber Possesses an endoskeleton composed of calcium carbonateLack a head and circulatory systemHave a simple nervous system with no distinct brainUse a water vascular system for slow movementCan regenerate lost parts

  31. 9. Phylum Chordata: the tunicates, lancelets, and vertebrates Have notochord,dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill grooves, and a tailSubphyla 1) Invertebrates-lancelets and tunicates a) Lack a head and backbone b) marine habitat2) Vertebrates-only 2.5% of all animal organisms living on Earth today

  32. Vertebrates-phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata 1. Notochord is replaced by a vertebral column composed of cartilage or bone that is used for support, muscle attachment, and protection 2. Endoskeleton allows for easier growth and mobility 3. Seven major classes

  33. Seven major classes • Class Agnatha- jawless fish 1) Skeleton of cartilage and eel-like shape 2) Unpaired fins, lack scales 3) Slimy skin perforated by circular gill openings • Class Chondrichthyes- "cartilage fishes"-sharks, skates, and rays 1) Leathery skin2) Respire by gills3) Have a two chamber heart 3. Class Osteichthyes- "bony fishes 1) Varied forms2) Supplemental lungs for fresh water living3) Fleshy fins

  34. 4. Class Amphibia-adaptations enabled the movement from aquatic to terrestrial existence- frogs, toads and salamanders 1) Bony support for the body2) Waterproofing for the skin and eggs3) Moist protection of the respiratory membranes4) Development of adult lungs5) Control of body temperature6) Still need an aquatic habitat for reproduction

  35. 5. Class Reptilia-evolved 250 million years ago from the amphibians with complete independence from aquatic habitat- turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles, dinosaurs 1) Tough scaly skin2) Internal fertilization3) Shelled amniotic egg4) Skeleton modified for better support and locomotion

  36. 6. Class Aves-evolved about 150 million years ago from the reptiles and took to the air- all bird species 1) Warm-blooded 2) Four-chambered heart for more efficient circulation3) Air sacs part of the respiratory system4) Feathers for protection and insulation5) Acute sensory and nervous system

  37. 7. Class Mammalia-evolved 70? million years ago from the reptiles after the extinction of the dinosaurs 1) Warm-blooded2) Four-chambered heart3) Fur for insulation and protection4) Legs for running fast to avoid predators5) Mammary glands to nurse their young, who are born alive6) Complex cerebral cortex-increased learning abilityIncludes egg-laying monotremes, marsupials (opossums, koalas, kangaroos) and placental mammals

  38. Associations to Learn • Prokaryote/ Eukaryote – types of cells. Presence or absence of nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts; ability to respire & photosynthesize • Eukaryotic Kingdoms – types of nutrition, presence and composition of cell walls, presence of centrioles (for flagella & cilia – all have it except Divisions Coniferophyta and Anthophyta in plant kingdom)

  39. Lab Quiz Example. Female Aedes aegypti mosquito after her bloody lunch. Class: _______.

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