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Chapter 4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms. 4.1 The Development of a New Atomic Model. A. Properties of Light. Electromagnetic Radiation: EM radiation are forms of energy which move through space as waves There are many different types of EM waves visible light – colors of the spectrum
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Chapter 4 Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms 4.1 The Development of a New Atomic Model
A. Properties of Light • Electromagnetic Radiation: EM radiation are forms of energy which move through space as waves • There are many different types of EM waves • visible light – colors of the spectrum • x-rays- used by doctors • ultraviolet light -insects use to find nectar • infrared light -used in heat lamps • radio waves - disturb electromagnetic fields • gamma -short wavelengths and high frequency
B. EM Waves • Move at speed of light: 3.00 x 108 m/s • Speed is equal to the frequency times the wavelength c = v • Frequency (v) is the number of waves passing a given point in one second • Wavelength () is the distance between peaks of adjacent waves • Speed of light is a constant, so vis also a constant; vandmust be inversely proportional
Quantum Effect energy absorption spectrum p+ e no ground state e-
Photoelectric Effect energy photon emission spectrum! p+ e no When the “excited” electron returns to lower energy levels, it releases energy in the form of light travels at the speed of light (3.00 x 108 m/s)
A photon is a particle of energy having a rest mass of zero and carrying a quantum of energy • A quantum is the minimum amount of energy that can be lost or gained by an atom
When a specific or quantized amount of energy is exposed to the atom, the electron jumps from its “ground” or original state to an “excited” state • When the “excited” electron returns to lower energy levels, it releases energy in the form of light.
Electromagnetic Spectrum • Wavelength increases→ • Frequency decreases→ • Energy decreases→
ROY G BIV • Red: The longest wavelength Least amount of energy Violet: Shortest wavelength Greatest amount of energy
Emissions Spectrum • Bright line spectrum: Light is given off by excited atoms as they return to lower energy states • Light is given off in very definite wavelengths • It is like a “finger print” to the element • A spectroscope reveals lines of particular colors- light passed through a prism; specific frequencies given off.
Bohr Model Niels Bohr e- Electrons circle around the nucleus on their energy level 1st ring = 2e- 2nd ring = 8e- 3rd ring= 18e- 4th ring = 32e- 5th ring = 32e- p+ no Energy levels
The Bohr Model of the Atom • Electron Orbits, or Energy Levels • Electrons can circle the nucleus only in allowed paths or orbits • The energy of the electron is greater when it is in orbits farther from the nucleus • The atom achieves the ground state when atoms occupy the closest possible positions around the nucleus • Electromagnetic radiation is emitted when electrons move closer to the nucleus.
A. Writing Electron Configurations Aufbau Principle An electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it. Each p and d sublevel must have 1e before you double them up. Pauli Exclusion Principle The maximum number of electrons per orbital is 2 Rules: Hund's Rule The first electron must face up and the second electron must face down.
B. Principal Energy Level (n) The n value gives you two things: • The principal energy level (PEL) • The number of sublevels. n=1 n= 2 n=3 n=4 1s 2sp 3spd 4spdf 2s2p 3s3p3d 2s4p4d4f
C. Electrons in each subshell • The maximum number of electrons in each subshell is as follows: • s = 2e- • p = 6e- • d =10e- • f =14e-
D. Practice with Electron Configuration LithiumCarbon 1s2s1 1s22s22p2 MagnesiumIron 1s22s22p63s2 1s22s22p63s2 Silver 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d9
E. Shortcut Notation • The configuration begins with the preceding noble gas’s symbol in brackets and is followed by the rest of the configuration for the particular element. • [Ne] 3s23p5
F. Terms • Valence shell: Electrons that are in the outermost energy level Inner shell electrons: Electrons that are not in the highest energy level • Octet Rule: The valence shell has no more than 8 electrons. ( 8 is great!). It gives the electron stability.
G. Regents way for Electron Configuration • States the total number of electrons in the entire principal energy level. • Copy the electron configuration directly from the periodic tablein the packet. Calcium Zinc Lead Ca Zn Pb 2-8-8-2 2-8-18-2 2-8-18-32-18-4
H. Magnetic Fields & Electrons • Paramagnetic: When an atom has unpaired electrons, it will be attracted into a magnetic field 1s22s22p4 • Dimagnetic: When an atom has only paired electrons, it will be slightly repelled by a magnetic field 1s22s22p63s2
I. Shapes of Orbitals • S orbitals are Spherical in shape
P Orbitals • P orbitals are peanut in shape • They exist in all three dimensional planes