Topic 1: Early Americas and European Exploration

1. Topic 1: Early Americas and European Exploration Lessons 1-4

2. Who Were the First Americans?1. Most scientists believe that changes in geography during the last ice age led to the arrival of the first people in North America. Explain your answer. An ice age caused glaciers to form, which locked up water from oceans and caused a drop in sea levels exposed land that had been under water. Part of that land formed a land bridge, or a neck of land, connecting Siberia in Northeast Asia (Asia) and Alaska in Northwest North America (the Americas). Short video about the land bridge: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3kmVZGGaHg Scientists hypothesize that bands of hunters reached North America by crossing the land bridge. Other scientists think that people could have paddled along the coastline connecting Asia to North America to reach North America. Lesson 1 – The early Americas reading support questions and answers

3. Beringia—Bering Land Bridge area - present day Beringia—Bering Land Bridge during deglaciation period Beringia—Bering Land Bridge during Pleistocene (from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago) late Wisconsin Glaciation.

4. - Life became easier because it was not longer necessary to keep moving from place to place in search of food.- Life might also have become more secure because people gained some control over their food supply.- The Olmec was the first society that cultivated a surplus of food that could feed a large population – this allowed people to build permanent settlements which turned into civilizations and cities.- The development of farming promoted the spread of permanent settlements in the Americas. 2. How did farming improve the lives of the peoples who first practiced it?

5. The Olmec 3. Identify two elements of Olmec society that indicate that the Olmec were a civilization. Calendar Cities Features of Olmec Civilization Government with Religious Powerful leaders temples

6. - The Maya could predict eclipses- They created a relatively accurate 365-day calendar- They developed a number system that included the concept of zero The Maya 4. The text says that Maya priests made “great advances in astronomy and mathematics.” How does the text support this claim? Use details from the text in your answer.

7. - Its location on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco could help protect the city.- To attack it, enemy forces had to get closer to it.- The only ways to reach it were by boat or over one of the causeways linking the city to the mainland.- This would make it easier for Aztec lookouts to spot invaders in the distance and easier for Aztec soldiers to defend the city. The Aztec 5.What were some possible military benefits of tenochitlan’s location? Explain your answer.

8. Like Maya priests, Aztec priests studied the heavens and developed complex calendars- The emperor sent officials to act as local governors- The governors had people work on projects for the state- The Incas built a road system used by runners who carried royal orders across the empire- The runners used a quipu to keep records 6. How was the Aztec religion similar to that of the maya? The Inca 7. What details in the text show that the inca empire was well organized?

9. Early North American Societies1. How did ideas from ancient Mexico and Central America reach early American Indian peoples farther north? Why do you think so many distinct cultures developed in North America? • Traders or migrating people carried foods, goods, and ideas from Central America and Mexico to North America. • Different cultures developed in North America because the continent contained many different environments • Through (cultural) diffusion, skills such as farming spread from one American Indian group to another. Lesson 2 – Cultures in North America

11. - The Hohokam and the Anasazi lived in the arid Southwest and relied on irrigation to water their farms.- The Mound Builders did not rely on irrigation but took advantage of their moist climate to grow their crops 2. In what ways were the farming practices of the Hohokam and the Anasazi similar? How were they different from the farming practices of the mound builders? What do you think accounted for this difference in farming practices between early peoples of the Southwest and the Mound builders?

12. I. Arctic and Subarctic (Arctic – Inuit; Subarctic – Chipewyan) A. Climate/Resources 1. Harsh, cold climate 2. Limited resources B. How people adapted 1. Some hunted small animals 2. Others followed caribou herds; used driftwood for shelter and tools; lived in pit houses in the groundII. California, Great Basin, Plateau (Northwest – Yoruk; Great Basin – Bannock; Northern – Palute; Plateau – Ute and Shoshone) A. Climate/Resources 1. Mild and wet to cold and dry 2. Typically plentiful in most areas B. How people adapted 1. Depending on climate – farmed and/or fished 2. Gathered plants; hunted small animals; made baskets and simple toolsIII. Northwest Coastal (Kwakiuts, Nez Perce, Spokane) A. Climate/Resources 1. Mild temperatures 2. Abundant resources B. How people adapted 1. Farmed and fished 2. Built cedar homes and canoes; built villages >>>>>>Continued on next slide>>>>>> 3. As you read “What were the cultural and physical characteristics of North America?” note 2 details about the climate and resources for each culture area and 2 details about how each culture adapted to the climate and resources in the area

13. IV. Southwest (Hohokam, Anasazi or Pueblo Indians) VII. Eastern Woodlands (Iroquois and Algonquian) A. Climate/Resources A. Climate/Resources 1. Hot and dry 1. Ranged from mild to cold 2. Limited water 2. Lakes, streams, and forests B. How people adapted B. How people adapted1. Built dams and tanks to store water 1. Farmed and fished2. Farmed 2. Used trees to make houses and tools V. Southeast (Natchez) A. Climate/Resources 1. Warm and moist weather **Each groups’ environment influenced their way of life** 2. Abundant resources B. How people adapted 1. Hunted, fished, and farmed 2. Had complex social structuresVI. Great Plains (Sioux) A. Climate/Resources 1. Dry, open grasslands 2. Limited resources B. How people adapted 1. Hunted buffalo 2. Used hides to make tents 3. What were the cultural and physical characteristics of north America? (continued…)

14. “Fish, my friend, don’t be angry that I’ve caught you, for we met so I could catch you and eat you. Now that I’ve caught you, protect me and my family.” American Indian prayers like this prayer of thanks were intended to maintain a balance between people and nature. American Indians believed they had to adapt their ways to the natural world to survive and prosper.**Whether hunting, fishing, farming, or gathering wild plants many American Indians felt a close connection to the physical environment.** Religious beliefs 4. Using your own words, restate or summarize the Kwakiutl Prayer of thanks. How does it support the idea that “many American Indians felt a close connection to the physical environment?

15. A. The Iroquois formed an alliance of nations to end the fighting that often recurred among the nationsB. No, the confederacy did not have the desired effect because fighting over land and trade continued with the neighboring Algonquians.**The Iroquois system was more democratic than any other American Indian culture. The Iroquois league 5. A.) Why did the Iroquois from an alliance among their nations? B.) Did the league have the effect that the Iroquois hoped it would? Explain

16. A.) In Iroquois society, women had rights and responsibilities that in other societies were the province of men. For example, women owned all the household property, were in charge of planting and harvesting, and chose clan leaders.B.) The role of women in other American Indian cultures was limited to the kinds of activities traditionally reserved for women, such as raising children and food preparation. 6. A.) What does the text say about Iroquoian society? B.) Based on this information, what do you think the role of women was like in other American Indian cultures? Explain.

17. 1. What were some benefits of feudalism to society as a whole? What were some drawbacks? FEUDALISM Benefits Drawbacks Feudalism – a system of rule by lords who ruled their lands but owed loyalty and military service to a monarch. • Provided structure and order to society • Provided a means of defense • Manors are self-sufficient • - people made everything they needed • Warfare declined and trade began to grow • People began to look beyond their isolated villages • Isolation between manors • Peasants suffered (worked only by hand) • Peasants worked plots of land for the lord of the manor; didn’t have anything of their own • They struggled to produce enough food to survive Lesson 3 - Early Europe, Africa, and asia What Was Europe Like in the Middle Ages?

18. windmill compass crankshaft steam engine • Important technologies during time of the Crusades: • Compass – a magnetic needle always pointed north; which helped sailors stay on course. • Astrolabe – helped sailors determine their latitude while at sea which allowed them to take • long voyages beyond the sight of land • The most significant effect was an increase in trade as a result of the increased desire and demand for goods and technologies from the Middle East and Asia. • Increased trade meant there was more interaction among countries. • People of different cultures learned new ideas and technologies from each other • There were more and different opportunities for people to earn a living. 2. The crusades had important effects on Europe. Which effect do you think was the most important and why? Support your opinion with details from the text. 3. Identify 2 of the technologies developed in the middle east that we still use today. *invented in Persia in the 600’s to grind corn *a key device in modern machinery

19. Carried the religion of Islam to people living along trade routes in Africa and Asia - Trade is important to a city-state because trade generates wealth- The rulers of a city-state use its wealth to make their city-state bigger and stronger, which in turn gives it more power 4. How did Muslim merchants affect the spread of Islam? African Trade and Cultures 5. Based on the text, how do you think trade affects the development and power of a city-state?

20. (Backstory: China was first powered by an emperor who was often **suspicious of outsiders. **Long distances and physical barriers separated China from Egypt, the Middle East, and India. This isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that it was the center of the Earth and the sole source of civilization. **Its isolation did NOT keep Chinese ideas from spreading through trade.) • The Chinese invented the rudder, which made it easier to steer ships • They created watertight compartments, which reduced the risk of sinking • They used a magnetic compass, which lessened the risk of getting lost at sea In 1402 a new emperor name Zheng He was eager to use these new technologies. His fleet traded at ports in Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa. **These technologies expanded Chinese trade and influence across a wide region and even into other civilizations. **New methods of transportation led to the exchange of goods/ideas in both Africa and Asia. Chinese trade and technology 6. What Chinese inventions greatly changed ships and sea travel?

21. The printing press made it easier to spread new ideas, helping to bring Europe out of the Middle Ages and marks the beginning of the Renaissance. • Renaissance = rebirth (The period of European history that followed the Middle Ages that brought a rebirth of knowledge.) • People became more educated, more people began to read, and learning spread. • - Trade brought new prosperity, rulers began to bring feudal lords under control and **Europeans started to explore other parts of the world and their trade expanded. European renaissance and exploration 7. How did the printing press help bring Europe out of the middle ages? 8.(A) What does the word renaissance mean? (B) Why is it a good term to describe the period of European history that followed the middle ages?

22. 1. Based on the text, why do you think the Vikings chose not to remain in Vinland?2. What evidence does the text give to support the idea that ancient seafarers from Polynesia traveled to the Americas? - No one is sure why but there are stories that describe fierce battles with the Inuit (Skaelings) - Vikings left behind detailed records and archaeological evidence of their voyages The text points out that modern Polynesians have sailed canoes 1000’s of miles using their knowledge of the stars and winds Lesson 4 - European exploration in the Americas Contact with the Americas

23. The statement suggests that, of all, the reasons Ferdinand had for financing Columbus’s voyages, bringing back gold was at the top of the list. • - The rulers of Spain wanted a share of the riches to be found in the Americas.- The rulers also wanted to keep Portugal • from controlling trade with India, China, and Japan.- As a result, they agreed to finance Columbus’s voyage of exploration. • According to history, the most important thing Columbus did was establish contact between the Americas and the rest of the world. • The Spanish claimed (took) Taino lands and forced them to work in gold mines, on ranches, or in Spanish households which caused controversy. The voyages of columbus 3. How did the relationship between Spain and Portugal play a part in Columbus’s first voyage? 4. According to the text, King Ferdinand said to Columbus, “Get gold. Humanely if possible, but at all hazards—get gold.” What do you think the king meant by this statement?

24. The Spanish did not know how wide the Pacific Ocean was until Magellan sailed across it. • His voyage of circumnavigation made the Spanish—and other Europeans—aware of the true size of Earth • The voyage also proved that there was a westward all-water route to Asia • Clues: “or other refreshments”; “ate only old biscuit reduced to powder.” • Meaning: supplies like or such as food Spanish exploration continues 5. How did Magellan’s voyage effect the Spanish understanding of the world? 6. Reread Antonio pigafetta’s diary entry describing part of his voyage with Magellan. What context clues help you figure out the meaning of provisions as pigafetta used it? Use the clues to define provisions.

25. THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE Video about the Columbian Exchange: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=video&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjl26eZtqTkAhWRMd8KHWThBKMQtwIILTAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHQPA5oNpfM4&usg=AOvVaw2hav0AavXg38e9e23V6iPG Positives Columbian Exchange – a biological and cultural exchange of animals, plants, human populations, diseases, food, government, technology, the arts and languages. Negatives • American Indian died of European diseases. (drastically decreased) • American Indians were killed in wars with Europeans. • Europeans introduced chickens, pigs, cattle, and horses • Europeans introduced new crops. • Some American Indians learned to use and ride horses. • American Indians were forced into labor by Europeans. • Europeans were introduced to new customs and ideas. • American Indians lost their lands to Spanish explorers. These lands were converted to pastures leaving animals with little or no place to go/hide. • Europeans were introduced to new foods. How did the Columbian exchange affect the rest of the world? 7. As you read, “How did the Columbian exchange affect the rest of the world,” list two positive and two negative results of the Columbian exchange • Europeans gained great wealth. • Europeans accomplished their goal of spreading Christianity. • American Indians lost their way of life. • Diseases spread from the Americas to Europe.