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Usability with Project Lecture 9 – 8/10/08

Explore the growing population of older individuals and people with disabilities, and understand the impact of inclusive design on businesses. Discover the legal requirements and best practices for creating accessible websites.

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Usability with Project Lecture 9 – 8/10/08

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  1. Usability with ProjectLecture 9 – 8/10/08 Dr. Simeon Keates

  2. Exercise – part 1 • Last week you were asked to make your websites accessible • Most common automated validation tool issues: • Missing ALT text • Missing FORM LABELS • Use of tables for layout • Not enough CSS • Javascript

  3. Exercise – part 2 • Other issues: • Keyboard only access (how many TAB key presses) • Depth vs. breadth • Fitts’ Law (small targets) • Cognition (learning/navigating the products) • Not really addressed by the automated tools…

  4. Building a business case for inclusive design Page 4

  5. Building a business case for inclusive design • Population is getting older • “1 in 6” people has a “disability” • GB Disability Follow-Up Survey, US American Community Survey • Inclusive design is good design • Relying on 3rd party technologies is bad business • Inclusive design best practices are becoming standardised • BS7000-6 • Accessibility is becoming a hot topic • ODF

  6. Building a business case for accessibility • Population is getting older UK population (millions) Year

  7. Building a business case for inclusive design • Population is getting older • “1 in 6” people has a “disability” • GB Disability Follow-Up Survey, US American Community Survey • Inclusive design is good design • Relying on 3rd party technologies is bad business • Inclusive design best practices are becoming standardised • BS7000-6 • Accessibility is becoming a hot topic • ODF

  8. Building a business case for accessibility • Population is getting older • “1 in 6” people has a “disability” • GB Disability Follow-Up Survey, US American Community Survey • e.g. US Census Bureau figures • 2004 American Community Survey Remember these numbers!

  9. Building a business case for accessibility • Population is getting older • “1 in 6” people has a “disability” • GB Disability Follow-Up Survey, US American Community Survey • Forrester Research for Microsoft… • http://www.microsoft.com/enable/research/phase1.aspx

  10. Forrester Research for Microsoft Among working-age adults: • 27% have a visual difficulty or impairment. • 26% have a dexterity difficulty or impairment. • 21% have a hearing difficulty or impairment. • 20% have a cognitive difficulty or impairment • 4% have a speech difficulty or impairment.

  11. Forrester Research for Microsoft For the top three difficulties and impairments: • 16% (27.4 million) of working-age adults have a mild visual difficulty or impairment • 11% (18.5 million) of working-age adults have a severe visual difficulty or impairment. • 19% (31.7 million) of working-age adults have a mild dexterity difficulty or impairment • 7% (12.0 million) of working-age adults have a severe dexterity difficulty or impairment. • 19% (32.0 million) of working-age adults have a mild hearing difficulty or impairment • 3% (4.3 million) of working-age adults have a severe hearing difficulty or impairment.

  12. Forrester Research for Microsoft • Likelihood to Benefit from the Use of Accessible Technology by Type of Difficulty/Impairment among Working-Age Adults

  13. Forrester Research for Microsoft • 38% (64.2 million) of working-age adults are likely to benefit from the use of accessible technology due to mild difficulties and impairments. • 22% (37.2 million) of working-age adults are very likely to benefit from the use of accessible technology due to severe difficulties and impairments. • 40% (67.6 million) of working-age adults are not likely to benefit due to no or minimal difficulties or impairments. • 60% (101.4 million) of working-age adults are likely or very likely to benefit from the use of accessible technology

  14. Forrester Research for Microsoft

  15. Building a business case for inclusive design • Population is getting older • “1 in 6” people has a “disability” • GB Disability Follow-Up Survey, US American Community Survey • Inclusive design is good design • Relying on 3rd party technologies is bad business • Inclusive design best practices are becoming standardised • BS7000-6 • Accessibility is becoming a hot topic • ODF

  16. Building a business case for inclusive design • Population is getting older • “1 in 6” people has a “disability” • GB Disability Follow-Up Survey, US American Community Survey • Inclusive design is good design • Relying on 3rd party technologies is bad business • Inclusive design best practices are becoming standardised • BS7000-6 • Accessibility is becoming a hot topic • Legal requirements

  17. Legal requirements – 1973 US Rehabilitation Act • Established a baseline for prohibiting discrimination on grounds of disability: • In programmes conducted by Federal agencies • In programmes receiving Federal financial assistance • In Federal employment • In the employment of Federal contractors • Act was amended in 1992 and 1998

  18. Legal requirements – 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act • Civil rights legislation • Prohibits discrimination against disabled people in: • Employment • State and local government • Telecoms • Commercial facilities • Transportation • Public accommodations • Question whether “public accommodations” includes WWW…

  19. Legal requirements – Section 255 of 1996 US Telecommunications Act • Move away from focus on US citizens being prevented from exercising their civil rights • …to ensuring that they have equal access to technology • Stipulates that all US telecoms equipment is: • “…designed, developed and fabricated to be accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities, if readily achievable.” • Section 255 is fundamentally different to ADA and Rehab Act • A company can be found to be in breach without a complaint having to be filed by someone who feels discriminated against

  20. Legal requirements – Section 508 of 1973 Rehabilitation Act (Amended 1998 to Reauthorized Rehabilitation Act) • Applies to US Federal Govt and all of its agencies • Prohibits purchasing, using, maintaining or developing any electonic and information technology products that are not fully accessible • Single largest purchaser of E&IT equipment in the world • Has become de facto accessibility standard in US • Principle is being copied worldwide

  21. Legal requirements – 1985 Canadian Human Rights Act • Prohibits discrimination of all types • Applies to: • Federal departments, agencies and Crown corporations • The post office • Chartered banks • Airlines • Television and radio stations • Inter-provincial communications and telephone companies • Inter-provincial buses and railways • Other federally-regulated industries

  22. Legal requirements – 1996 UK Disability Discrimination Act Addresses rights of people with disability with respect to: • Employment • Education • Also addressed through 2001 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act – (SENDA) • Access to goods, facilities and services • Includes shop premises • Buying or renting land or property • Public transport • HMG has power to set minimum accessibility standards

  23. Legislation - The UK Disability Discrimination Act “ … where any physical feature of premises occupied by the employer, or any arrangements made by or on behalf of the employer, cause a substantialdisadvantage to a disabled person compared with non-disabled people, an employer has to take such steps as it is reasonable for him to have to take in all the circumstances to prevent that disadvantage … ” In other words: Employers must make “reasonableadjustments” to prevent discrimination

  24. The need for accessibility - Legislation • Legislation (e.g. DDA, ADA) • Purchasing requirements (e.g. 508) • Standards (e.g BS 7000:6) - “Exclude users only if you cannot reasonably avoid it” - “Exclude who you like, but don’t expect us to buy it” - “How to exclude users in the best possible way”

  25. Building a business case - Summary • Accessibility represents a business opportunity • Accessibility challenges designers – and the best designers respond to that challenge • Accessibility needs to be an integral component of the product – and considered right from the very outset of the design process

  26. Implementing accessibility

  27. Existing “accessibility” standards • Buildings access • e.g. BS8300:2001 Design of buildings and their approaches to meet the needs of disabled people • Assistive Technology • e.g. ISO 9999:2002 Technical aids for persons with disabilities – Classification and terminology • Anthropometrics • e.g. BS4467:1997 Guide to dimensions in designing for elderly people • Medical device standards • e.g. ISO 13485 / ISO 13488 – Quality systems for medical devices • Standards development • e.g. PD ISO/IEC Guide 71 Guidelines for standards developers to address the needs of older persons and persons with disabilities

  28. The BS7000 series – Guides to managing… • Part 1 – … innovation • Part 2 – … the design of manufactured products • Part 3 – … service design • Part 4 – … design in construction • Part 5 – … obsolescence • Part 6 – … inclusive design • Part 10 – Glossary of terms used in design management

  29. Inside BS7000-6 – the definition of inclusive design • [The] design of mainstream products … that are accessible to, and usable by, as many people as reasonably possible on a global basis, in a wide variety of situations and to the greatest extent possible without the need for special adaptation or specialized design.

  30. Inside BS7000-6 – product options • Complete integrated range without need for adaptive accessories • New models added to range, plus adaptive accessories for existing models • Complementary range, co-ordinated with existing range to some degree • Separate range, unconnected with mainstream offer Decreasing preference

  31. Key aspects of BS7000-6 • Role of inclusive design ‘champions’ formalised • Previously “unofficial” champions • Board-level responsibility enforced • Rigorous ‘gateways’ in design process • Independent of design methodology adopted • All user exclusions have to be explained… • … and ‘justified’ • Leads to paper trail • Potential basis for legal defence

  32. Implementing accessibility - Summary • Design for accessibility is important for industry • Adopting design for accessibility practices requires a plan. It does not just happen overnight; it needs a strategic approach • Design for accessibility affects all levels of the corporate hierarchy within a company

  33. The role of senior management

  34. Phase 1 – Scoping the business plan • Stage 1.1 – Assigning responsibility • Suggested outcome –a named top manager to champion and have explicit responsibility for design for accessibility. • Stage 1.2 – Acquiring basic knowledge • Suggested outcome – a common understanding of the basic aims and principles of design for accessibility. • Stage 1.3 – Understanding the current situation • Suggested outcome – a completed audit of the company’s entire or selected product lines. • Stage 1.4 – Formulating a plan of action • Suggested outcome– an initial plan of action for the implementation of design for accessibility.

  35. Phase 2 – Shaping the business plan • Stage 2.1 – Communicate design for accessibility intent • Suggested outcome – a mission statement that clearly communicates how important design for accessibility is for the company. • Stage 2.2 – Define corporate philosophy • Suggested outcome – a design for accessibility “bible” outlining corporate philosophy and preferred language. • Stage 2.3 – Identify specific objectives to be achieved • Suggested outcome – a master program of clearly stated initial corporate objectives with an identified time-line for completion. • Stage 2.4 – Promote design for accessibility across the company • Suggested outcome – a structured program for communicating the importance, benefits and opportunities of design for accessibility throughout the workforce.

  36. Phase 3 – Implementing the business plan • Stage 3.1 – Implement management structures for design for accessibility • Suggested outcome – a clearly defined management structure put in place. • Stage 3.2 – Perform pilot studies • Suggested outcome – analysed results from pilot studies that clearly identify successes and lessons to be learned. • Stage 3.3 – Recognize and enhance expertise • Suggested outcome – a corporate map of teams and individuals with design for accessibility expertise and a plan for increasing overall corporate expertise. • Stage 3.4 – Review progress • Suggested outcome – a review of progress made to date and recommendations for further improvements in the implementation of design for accessibility.

  37. Phase 4 – Selling accessibility • Stage 4.1 – Identify and leverage competitive advantages • Suggested outcome– a structured plan to transfer the successes in design for accessibility throughout the company products range and brands. • Stage 4.2 – Identify opportunities for improved corporate image • Suggested outcome– a structured marketing plan for communicating the new corporate and brand image.

  38. Phase 5 – Reviewing and refining business plan • Stage 5.1 – Recognize and reward successes • Suggested outcome – a reward program that recognizes and encourages innovation. • Stage 5.2 – Review and refine design for accessibility approach • Suggested outcome – a completely realized infrastructure for managing and implementing design for accessibility.

  39. The role of senior management - Summary • Top management plays a pivotal role in implementing design for accessibility practices and a continuing role in maintaining design for accessibility practices • Top management initiates and drives the initial adoption of design for accessibility and retains ultimate responsibility for the success of design for accessibility • Top management shapes the company’s design for accessibility philosophy and is responsible for communicating this throughout the company and ensuring that corporate targets for product accessibility are met.

  40. Project management

  41. Phase 1 – Define project • Stage 1.1 – Initial research • Suggested outcome – a description of the opportunity. • Stage 1.2 – Develop design brief • Suggested outcome – a design brief that states the general objectives and requirements of the project.

  42. Phase 2 – Design, detail and implement solution • Stage 2.1 – Generation of solution concepts • Suggested outcome – a range of potential alternative solutions that meet the design brief. • Stage 2.2 – Selection and refinement of most effective solution • Suggested outcome – a solution that meets the design brief most effectively. • Stage 2.3 – Detail design of solution • Suggested outcome – a detailed design of the chosen solution. • Stage 2.4 – Ready solution for production • Suggested outcome – a production-ready solution.

  43. Phase 3 – Go to market • Stage 3.1 – Launch of product in marketplace • Suggested outcome – a carefully planned and executed launch strategy. • Stage 3.2 – Evolution of product • Suggested outcome – a series of product updates and augmentations based on customer and market feedback. • Stage 3.3 – Extension of product range • Suggested outcome – a series of new or modified products to complement and build on the success of the original product.

  44. Phase 4 - Project closure • Stage 4.1 – Decommissioning of product • Suggested outcome – a carefully planned and executed market withdrawal strategy. • Stage 4.2 – Final review and lessons learned • Suggested outcome – a comprehensive final review of all aspects of the full life of the product with clearly identified successes and lessons to be learned.

  45. Project management - Summary • Project managers must embrace the concept of design for accessibility if it is to be implemented successfully within the company • Project managers are responsible for ensuring that the design team meets the design for accessibility targets set by senior management • Document everything. Written records of why particular decisions were taken are the basis of an invaluable knowledge resource

  46. Filling the skills gap

  47. How to begin… • Identify the wider sets of skills needed • Identify skills currently available • Recognise gaps • Fill those gaps

  48. Options for companies • Option 1 - Use tools + standards • e.g. compliance testing tools, visualisation tools, BS7000 • Option 2 - Bring in expert consultants • Double-edged sword • Option 3 - Recruit existing experts • But where to find them? • Option 4 - Develop professional training • Education + design competitions + exemplars

  49. Filling the skills gap - Summary • Expertise in design for accessibility and inclusive design is scarce at the moment • Companies need to implement a proactive policy to ensure that they can acquire the skills that they need to meet their own design for accessibility targets and comply with legal regulations

  50. Making expertise available within a company - The IBM Usable Access council

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