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The Formation and Abundance of Elements in Air, Earth, and Water

This overview explores the fundamental elements that comprise air, earth, and water, discussing how they form and change through various processes. It delves into the solubility of different compounds, such as alkali metals and nitrates, and the behavior of elements during phenomena like radioactive decay and volcanic activity. Key concepts include the abundance of elements, whether elements can change into other elements, and the extreme temperatures and pressures involved in nuclear fusion within stars. Understanding these processes is essential to grasp the chemistry of life on Earth.

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The Formation and Abundance of Elements in Air, Earth, and Water

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  1. Where are the elements How did they form?

  2. Air Earth Water Living Things

  3. Air SiO2Al2O3Fe2O3 Radioactive decay of Uranium and Radon N2 & O2 Earth Water Living Things H2O Radioactive decay of Radium.

  4. Living Things

  5. All alkali (Group 1A) compounds are soluble. Sodium & Potassium

  6. All halogen compounds are soluble except those containing Ag+, Hg2+, or Pb+2)

  7. All nitrates (NO3-), chlorates (ClO3-) and perchlorates (ClO4-) are soluble. Most sulfates (SO42-) are soluble. Calcium sulfate is slightly soluble.

  8. All carbonates (CO3-2), phosphates (PO4+3), sulfides(S-2) are insoluble.

  9. LIMESTONE (Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

  10. Nearly all metal oxides are insoluble.

  11. Oxygen 107 1100 10,000,000 1,000,000,000 X 107

  12. $1000 $1000 3- 2- 1- 0- -1- -2- -3- 103 $1000 $100 $10 $1 $.10 102 $.01 101 $100 10-1 100 10-2 $10 $.01 $1 $.10

  13. Hydrogen

  14. Do the abundance of the elements change? In other words, do elements change into other elements?

  15. Geiger Counter

  16. Are elements formed in the caldron of a volcano? Are elements changed to other elements in the intense heat of a volcano (about 1,000oC for lava and 2,000oC for inside volcano)?

  17. Elements may separate from other elements or combine with certain elements. There is not enough heat in a volcano to change an element into another element. Here is silicon and oxygen with trace amount of metals (darkening) to form a mineral called…

  18. about 7,000oC 57million psi

  19. FISSION (splitting)

  20. FUSION

  21. SUN EARTH Mass (Earths) 332,000 1 Volume (Earths) 1,300,000 1 Diameter 870,000 miles 8,000 miles Mass conversion rate (106 kg/s) Central temperature: 16 million deg K 7,000 est. Central density: 162 g/cm3 12g/cm3

  22. For stars over 10 times heavier than the Sun 56Fe  13 4He +4n 13 4He  26e- +26p+ + 26n +4n 26n

  23. The core with a mass of ½ million Earths shrinks from 1000 km (600 mi.) to about 50 km (31 mi.) in 1 second. Implosion velocity reaches 170 million mph...about 1/4 c or 50,000 miles per second.

  24. Helium Carbon Neon Oxygen Silicon The outward moving matter is moving so fast that it compresses and heats whatever it collides with to temperatures of 1010 to 1011 K... much hotter than anything we have encountered in our studies of stars so far.

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